Anna Ravenscroft identified many occurrences of "file" used to open a file

in the stdlib and changed each of them to use "open" instead.  At this
time there are no other known occurrences that can be safely changed (in
Lib and all subdirectories thereof).

Lib/distutils/sysconfig.py

@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ def _init_posix():
     # load the installed pyconfig.h:
     try:
         filename = get_config_h_filename()
-        parse_config_h(file(filename), g)
+        parse_config_h(open(filename), g)
     except IOError, msg:
         my_msg = "invalid Python installation: unable to open %s" % filename
         if hasattr(msg, "strerror"):

Lib/idlelib/ColorDelegator.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def make_pat():
     kw = r"\b" + any("KEYWORD", keyword.kwlist) + r"\b"
     builtinlist = [str(name) for name in dir(__builtin__)
                                         if not name.startswith('_')]
-    # self.file = file("file") :
+    # self.file = open("file") :
     # 1st 'file' colorized normal, 2nd as builtin, 3rd as string
     builtin = r"([^.'\"\\#]\b|^)" + any("BUILTIN", builtinlist) + r"\b"
     comment = any("COMMENT", [r"#[^\n]*"])

Lib/pstats.py

@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def add(self, *arg_list):
 
     def dump_stats(self, filename):
         """Write the profile data to a file we know how to load back."""
-        f = file(filename, 'wb')
+        f = open(filename, 'wb')
         try:
             marshal.dump(self.stats, f)
         finally:

Lib/site.py

@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ def __setup(self):
             for filename in self.__files:
                 filename = os.path.join(dir, filename)
                 try:
-                    fp = file(filename, "rU")
+                    fp = open(filename, "rU")
                     data = fp.read()
                     fp.close()
                     break

Lib/tarfile.py

@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None):
         self.mode = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}[mode]
 
         if not fileobj:
-            fileobj = file(self.name, self.mode)
+            fileobj = open(self.name, self.mode)
             self._extfileobj = False
         else:
             if self.name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
@@ -1083,7 +1083,7 @@ def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9):
         tarname = pre + ext
 
         if fileobj is None:
-            fileobj = file(name, mode + "b")
+            fileobj = open(name, mode + "b")
 
         if mode != "r":
             name = tarname
@@ -1355,7 +1355,7 @@ def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True):
 
         # Append the tar header and data to the archive.
         if tarinfo.isreg():
-            f = file(name, "rb")
+            f = open(name, "rb")
             self.addfile(tarinfo, f)
             f.close()
 
@@ -1617,7 +1617,7 @@ def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
         """Make a file called targetpath.
         """
         source = self.extractfile(tarinfo)
-        target = file(targetpath, "wb")
+        target = open(targetpath, "wb")
         copyfileobj(source, target)
         source.close()
         target.close()

Lib/test/test_bool.py

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ def test_boolean(self):
 
     def test_fileclosed(self):
         try:
-            f = file(test_support.TESTFN, "w")
+            f = open(test_support.TESTFN, "w")
             self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
             f.close()
             self.assertIs(f.closed, True)

Lib/test/test_bz2.py

@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def testModeU(self):
         self.createTempFile()
         bz2f = BZ2File(self.filename, "U")
         bz2f.close()
-        f = file(self.filename)
+        f = open(self.filename)
         f.seek(0, 2)
         self.assertEqual(f.tell(), len(self.DATA))
         f.close()

Lib/test/test_descr.py

@@ -2338,7 +2338,7 @@ def readline(self):
                 self.ateof = 1
             return s
 
-    f = file(name=TESTFN, mode='w')
+    f = open(name=TESTFN, mode='w')
     lines = ['a\n', 'b\n', 'c\n']
     try:
         f.writelines(lines)
@@ -2394,7 +2394,7 @@ def restricted():
     sandbox = rexec.RExec()
 
     code1 = """f = open(%r, 'w')""" % TESTFN
-    code2 = """f = file(%r, 'w')""" % TESTFN
+    code2 = """f = open(%r, 'w')""" % TESTFN
     code3 = """\
 f = open(%r)
 t = type(f)  # a sneaky way to get the file() constructor

Lib/test/test_inspect.py

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class GetSourceBase(unittest.TestCase):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         unittest.TestCase.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
-        self.source = file(inspect.getsourcefile(self.fodderFile)).read()
+        self.source = open(inspect.getsourcefile(self.fodderFile)).read()
 
     def sourcerange(self, top, bottom):
         lines = self.source.split("\n")

Lib/test/test_iter.py

@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ def test_indexOf(self):
 
     # Test iterators with file.writelines().
     def test_writelines(self):
-        f = file(TESTFN, "w")
+        f = open(TESTFN, "w")
 
         try:
             self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.writelines, None)
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ def __iter__(self):
             f.writelines(Whatever(6, 6+2000))
             f.close()
 
-            f = file(TESTFN)
+            f = open(TESTFN)
             expected = [str(i) + "\n" for i in range(1, 2006)]
             self.assertEqual(list(f), expected)
 

Lib/test/test_marshal.py

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ def test_ints(self):
                 s = marshal.dumps(expected)
                 got = marshal.loads(s)
                 self.assertEqual(expected, got)
-                marshal.dump(expected, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+                marshal.dump(expected, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-                got = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+                got = marshal.load( open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
                 self.assertEqual(expected, got)
             n = n >> 1
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ def test_bool(self):
             new = marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(b))
             self.assertEqual(b, new)
             self.assertEqual(type(b), type(new))
-            marshal.dump(b, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+            marshal.dump(b, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-            new = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+            new = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
             self.assertEqual(b, new)
             self.assertEqual(type(b), type(new))
 
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ def test_floats(self):
                 s = marshal.dumps(f)
                 got = marshal.loads(s)
                 self.assertEqual(f, got)
-                marshal.dump(f, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+                marshal.dump(f, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-                got = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+                got = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
                 self.assertEqual(f, got)
             n /= 123.4567
 
@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@ def test_floats(self):
                 got = marshal.loads(s)
                 self.assertEqual(f, got)
 
-                marshal.dump(f, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+                marshal.dump(f, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-                got = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+                got = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
                 self.assertEqual(f, got)
 
-                marshal.dump(f, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"), 1)
+                marshal.dump(f, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"), 1)
-                got = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+                got = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
                 self.assertEqual(f, got)
             n *= 123.4567
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ def test_unicode(self):
             new = marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(s))
             self.assertEqual(s, new)
             self.assertEqual(type(s), type(new))
-            marshal.dump(s, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+            marshal.dump(s, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-            new = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+            new = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
             self.assertEqual(s, new)
             self.assertEqual(type(s), type(new))
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ def test_string(self):
             new = marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(s))
             self.assertEqual(s, new)
             self.assertEqual(type(s), type(new))
-            marshal.dump(s, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+            marshal.dump(s, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-            new = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+            new = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
             self.assertEqual(s, new)
             self.assertEqual(type(s), type(new))
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ def test_buffer(self):
             b = buffer(s)
             new = marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(b))
             self.assertEqual(s, new)
-            marshal.dump(b, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+            marshal.dump(b, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-            new = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+            new = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
             self.assertEqual(s, new)
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
 
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ class ContainerTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_dict(self):
         new = marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(self.d))
         self.assertEqual(self.d, new)
-        marshal.dump(self.d, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+        marshal.dump(self.d, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-        new = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+        new = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
         self.assertEqual(self.d, new)
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
 
@@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ def test_list(self):
         lst = self.d.items()
         new = marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(lst))
         self.assertEqual(lst, new)
-        marshal.dump(lst, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+        marshal.dump(lst, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-        new = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+        new = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
         self.assertEqual(lst, new)
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
 
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ def test_tuple(self):
         t = tuple(self.d.keys())
         new = marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(t))
         self.assertEqual(t, new)
-        marshal.dump(t, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+        marshal.dump(t, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-        new = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+        new = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
         self.assertEqual(t, new)
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
 
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@ def test_sets(self):
             self.assertEqual(t, new)
             self.assert_(isinstance(new, constructor))
             self.assertNotEqual(id(t), id(new))
-            marshal.dump(t, file(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
+            marshal.dump(t, open(test_support.TESTFN, "wb"))
-            new = marshal.load(file(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
+            new = marshal.load(open(test_support.TESTFN, "rb"))
             self.assertEqual(t, new)
             os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
 

Lib/test/test_os.py

@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ def test_traversal(self):
         os.makedirs(sub11_path)
         os.makedirs(sub2_path)
         for path in tmp1_path, tmp2_path, tmp3_path:
-            f = file(path, "w")
+            f = open(path, "w")
             f.write("I'm " + path + " and proud of it.  Blame test_os.\n")
             f.close()
 
@@ -361,10 +361,10 @@ def tearDown(self):
 
 class DevNullTests (unittest.TestCase):
     def test_devnull(self):
-        f = file(os.devnull, 'w')
+        f = open(os.devnull, 'w')
         f.write('hello')
         f.close()
-        f = file(os.devnull, 'r')
+        f = open(os.devnull, 'r')
         self.assertEqual(f.read(), '')
         f.close()
 

Lib/test/test_tarfile.py

@@ -333,11 +333,11 @@ def test_padding(self):
             f.close()
         elif self.comp == "bz2":
             f = bz2.BZ2Decompressor()
-            s = file(self.dstname).read()
+            s = open(self.dstname).read()
             s = f.decompress(s)
             self.assertEqual(len(f.unused_data), 0, "trailing data")
         else:
-            f = file(self.dstname)
+            f = open(self.dstname)
             s = f.read()
             f.close()
 

Lib/test/test_unicode_file.py

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def _do_directory(self, make_name, chdir_name, encoded):
     # top-level 'test' functions would be if they could take params
     def _test_single(self, filename):
         remove_if_exists(filename)
-        f = file(filename, "w")
+        f = open(filename, "w")
         f.close()
         try:
             self._do_single(filename)
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def _test_single(self, filename):
     def _test_equivalent(self, filename1, filename2):
         remove_if_exists(filename1)
         self.failUnless(not os.path.exists(filename2))
-        f = file(filename1, "w")
+        f = open(filename1, "w")
         f.close()
         try:
             self._do_equivilent(filename1, filename2)

Lib/test/test_urllib.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class urlopen_FileTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         """Setup of a temp file to use for testing"""
         self.text = "test_urllib: %s\n" % self.__class__.__name__
-        FILE = file(test_support.TESTFN, 'wb')
+        FILE = open(test_support.TESTFN, 'wb')
         try:
             FILE.write(self.text)
         finally:
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.registerFileForCleanUp(test_support.TESTFN)
         self.text = 'testing urllib.urlretrieve'
         try:
-            FILE = file(test_support.TESTFN, 'wb')
+            FILE = open(test_support.TESTFN, 'wb')
             FILE.write(self.text)
             FILE.close()
         finally:
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ def test_copy(self):
         self.assertEqual(second_temp, result[0])
         self.assert_(os.path.exists(second_temp), "copy of the file was not "
                                                   "made")
-        FILE = file(second_temp, 'rb')
+        FILE = open(second_temp, 'rb')
         try:
             text = FILE.read()
             FILE.close()

Lib/test/test_urllibnet.py

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def test_basic(self):
         file_location,info = urllib.urlretrieve("http://www.python.org/")
         self.assert_(os.path.exists(file_location), "file location returned by"
                         " urlretrieve is not a valid path")
-        FILE = file(file_location)
+        FILE = open(file_location)
         try:
             self.assert_(FILE.read(), "reading from the file location returned"
                          " by urlretrieve failed")
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ def test_specified_path(self):
                                                 test_support.TESTFN)
         self.assertEqual(file_location, test_support.TESTFN)
         self.assert_(os.path.exists(file_location))
-        FILE = file(file_location)
+        FILE = open(file_location)
         try:
             self.assert_(FILE.read(), "reading from temporary file failed")
         finally:

Lib/webbrowser.py

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise):
         cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args
 
         if remote or self.background:
-            inout = file(os.devnull, "r+")
+            inout = open(os.devnull, "r+")
         else:
             # for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
             inout = None
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
         else:
             action = "openURL"
 
-        devnull = file(os.devnull, "r+")
+        devnull = open(os.devnull, "r+")
         # if possible, put browser in separate process group, so
         # keyboard interrupts don't affect browser as well as Python
         setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)