[3.13] gh-126914: Store the Preallocated Thread State's Pointer in a PyInterpreterState Field (gh-127114)

This approach eliminates the originally reported race.  It also gets rid of the deadlock reported in gh-96071, so we can remove the workaround added then.

This is mostly a cherry-pick of 1c0a104 (AKA gh-126989).  The difference is we add PyInterpreterState.threads_preallocated at the end of PyInterpreterState, instead of adding PyInterpreterState.threads.preallocated.  That avoids ABI disruption.

Include/internal/pycore_interp.h

@@ -275,6 +275,8 @@ struct _is {
     /* the initial PyInterpreterState.threads.head */
     _PyThreadStateImpl _initial_thread;
     Py_ssize_t _interactive_src_count;
+    // In 3.14+ this is interp->threads.preallocated.
+    _PyThreadStateImpl *threads_preallocated;
 };
 
 

Lib/test/test_interpreters/test_stress.py

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ def test_create_many_sequential(self):
             alive.append(interp)
 
     @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_create_many_threaded(self):
         alive = []
         def task():
@@ -32,6 +33,35 @@ def task():
         with threading_helper.start_threads(threads):
             pass
 
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    def test_many_threads_running_interp_in_other_interp(self):
+        interp = interpreters.create()
+
+        script = f"""if True:
+            import _interpreters
+            _interpreters.run_string({interp.id}, '1')
+            """
+
+        def run():
+            interp = interpreters.create()
+            alreadyrunning = (f'{interpreters.InterpreterError}: '
+                              'interpreter already running')
+            success = False
+            while not success:
+                try:
+                    interp.exec(script)
+                except interpreters.ExecutionFailed as exc:
+                    if exc.excinfo.msg != 'interpreter already running':
+                        raise  # re-raise
+                    assert exc.excinfo.type.__name__ == 'InterpreterError'
+                else:
+                    success = True
+
+        threads = (threading.Thread(target=run) for _ in range(200))
+        with threading_helper.start_threads(threads):
+            pass
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     # Test needs to be a package, so we can do relative imports.

Python/pystate.c

@@ -632,6 +632,8 @@ init_interpreter(PyInterpreterState *interp,
     assert(next != NULL || (interp == runtime->interpreters.main));
     interp->next = next;
 
+    interp->threads_preallocated = &interp->_initial_thread;
+
     // We would call _PyObject_InitState() at this point
     // if interp->feature_flags were alredy set.
 
@@ -767,7 +769,6 @@ PyInterpreterState_New(void)
     return interp;
 }
 
-
 static void
 interpreter_clear(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyThreadState *tstate)
 {
@@ -906,6 +907,8 @@ interpreter_clear(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyThreadState *tstate)
     // XXX Once we have one allocator per interpreter (i.e.
     // per-interpreter GC) we must ensure that all of the interpreter's
     // objects have been cleaned up at the point.
+
+    // If we had a freelist of thread states, we would clear it here.
 }
 
 
@@ -1427,22 +1430,45 @@ allocate_chunk(int size_in_bytes, _PyStackChunk* previous)
     return res;
 }
 
-static _PyThreadStateImpl *
+static void
-alloc_threadstate(void)
+reset_threadstate(_PyThreadStateImpl *tstate)
 {
-    return PyMem_RawCalloc(1, sizeof(_PyThreadStateImpl));
+    // Set to _PyThreadState_INIT directly?
+    memcpy(tstate,
+           &initial._main_interpreter._initial_thread,
+           sizeof(*tstate));
+}
+
+static _PyThreadStateImpl *
+alloc_threadstate(PyInterpreterState *interp)
+{
+    _PyThreadStateImpl *tstate;
+
+    // Try the preallocated tstate first.
+    tstate = _Py_atomic_exchange_ptr(&interp->threads_preallocated, NULL);
+
+    // Fall back to the allocator.
+    if (tstate == NULL) {
+        tstate = PyMem_RawCalloc(1, sizeof(_PyThreadStateImpl));
+        if (tstate == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        reset_threadstate(tstate);
+    }
+    return tstate;
 }
 
 static void
 free_threadstate(_PyThreadStateImpl *tstate)
 {
+    PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->base.interp;
     // The initial thread state of the interpreter is allocated
     // as part of the interpreter state so should not be freed.
-    if (tstate == &tstate->base.interp->_initial_thread) {
+    if (tstate == &interp->_initial_thread) {
-        // Restore to _PyThreadState_INIT.
+        // Make it available again.
-        memcpy(tstate,
+        reset_threadstate(tstate);
-               &initial._main_interpreter._initial_thread,
+        assert(interp->threads_preallocated == NULL);
-               sizeof(*tstate));
+        _Py_atomic_store_ptr(&interp->threads_preallocated, tstate);
     }
     else {
         PyMem_RawFree(tstate);
@@ -1533,68 +1559,42 @@ add_threadstate(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyThreadState *tstate,
 static PyThreadState *
 new_threadstate(PyInterpreterState *interp, int whence)
 {
-    _PyThreadStateImpl *tstate;
+    // Allocate the thread state.
-    _PyRuntimeState *runtime = interp->runtime;
+    _PyThreadStateImpl *tstate = alloc_threadstate(interp);
-    // We don't need to allocate a thread state for the main interpreter
+    if (tstate == NULL) {
-    // (the common case), but doing it later for the other case revealed a
-    // reentrancy problem (deadlock).  So for now we always allocate before
-    // taking the interpreters lock.  See GH-96071.
-    _PyThreadStateImpl *new_tstate = alloc_threadstate();
-    int used_newtstate;
-    if (new_tstate == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
+
 #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
     Py_ssize_t qsbr_idx = _Py_qsbr_reserve(interp);
     if (qsbr_idx < 0) {
-        PyMem_RawFree(new_tstate);
+        free_threadstate(tstate);
         return NULL;
     }
 #endif
 
     /* We serialize concurrent creation to protect global state. */
-    HEAD_LOCK(runtime);
+    HEAD_LOCK(interp->runtime);
 
+    // Initialize the new thread state.
     interp->threads.next_unique_id += 1;
     uint64_t id = interp->threads.next_unique_id;
-
-    // Allocate the thread state and add it to the interpreter.
-    PyThreadState *old_head = interp->threads.head;
-    if (old_head == NULL) {
-        // It's the interpreter's initial thread state.
-        used_newtstate = 0;
-        tstate = &interp->_initial_thread;
-    }
-    // XXX Re-use interp->_initial_thread if not in use?
-    else {
-        // Every valid interpreter must have at least one thread.
-        assert(id > 1);
-        assert(old_head->prev == NULL);
-        used_newtstate = 1;
-        tstate = new_tstate;
-        // Set to _PyThreadState_INIT.
-        memcpy(tstate,
-               &initial._main_interpreter._initial_thread,
-               sizeof(*tstate));
-    }
-
     init_threadstate(tstate, interp, id, whence);
+
+    // Add the new thread state to the interpreter.
+    PyThreadState *old_head = interp->threads.head;
     add_threadstate(interp, (PyThreadState *)tstate, old_head);
 
-    HEAD_UNLOCK(runtime);
+    HEAD_UNLOCK(interp->runtime);
-    if (!used_newtstate) {
-        // Must be called with lock unlocked to avoid re-entrancy deadlock.
-        PyMem_RawFree(new_tstate);
-    }
-    else {
 #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    if (id == 1) {
         if (_Py_atomic_load_int(&interp->gc.immortalize) == 0) {
             // Immortalize objects marked as using deferred reference counting
             // the first time a non-main thread is created.
             _PyGC_ImmortalizeDeferredObjects(interp);
         }
-#endif
     }
+#endif
 
 #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
     // Must be called with lock unlocked to avoid lock ordering deadlocks.