mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython.git
Remove things specific to the old Macintosh, and spell "Mac OS X" consistently.
This commit is contained in:
parent
f2a2c796e3
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9af9498c6e
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@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ This module provides the following functions.
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``'posix'``, ``'nt'``), and *compiler* defaults to the default compiler for
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``'posix'``, ``'nt'``), and *compiler* defaults to the default compiler for
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that platform. Currently only ``'posix'`` and ``'nt'`` are supported, and the
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that platform. Currently only ``'posix'`` and ``'nt'`` are supported, and the
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default compilers are "traditional Unix interface" (:class:`UnixCCompiler`
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default compilers are "traditional Unix interface" (:class:`UnixCCompiler`
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class) and Visual C++(:class:`MSVCCompiler` class). Note that it's perfectly
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class) and Visual C++ (:class:`MSVCCompiler` class). Note that it's perfectly
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possible to ask for a Unix compiler object under Windows, and a Microsoft
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possible to ask for a Unix compiler object under Windows, and a Microsoft
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compiler object under Unix---if you supply a value for *compiler*, *plat* is
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compiler object under Unix---if you supply a value for *compiler*, *plat* is
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ignored.
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ignored.
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@ -302,8 +302,8 @@ or the :command:`bdist` command with the :option:`--formats` option::
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If you have a pure module distribution (only containing pure Python modules and
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If you have a pure module distribution (only containing pure Python modules and
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packages), the resulting installer will be version independent and have a name
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packages), the resulting installer will be version independent and have a name
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like :file:`foo-1.0.win32.exe`. These installers can even be created on Unix or
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like :file:`foo-1.0.win32.exe`. These installers can even be created on Unix
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Mac OS platforms.
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platforms or Mac OS X.
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If you have a non-pure distribution, the extensions can only be created on a
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If you have a non-pure distribution, the extensions can only be created on a
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Windows platform, and will be Python version dependent. The installer filename
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Windows platform, and will be Python version dependent. The installer filename
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ regular filename characters, ``?`` matches any single regular filename
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character, and ``[range]`` matches any of the characters in *range* (e.g.,
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character, and ``[range]`` matches any of the characters in *range* (e.g.,
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``a-z``, ``a-zA-Z``, ``a-f0-9_.``). The definition of "regular filename
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``a-z``, ``a-zA-Z``, ``a-f0-9_.``). The definition of "regular filename
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character" is platform-specific: on Unix it is anything except slash; on Windows
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character" is platform-specific: on Unix it is anything except slash; on Windows
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anything except backslash or colon; on Mac OS 9 anything except colon.
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anything except backslash or colon.
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**\*\*** Windows support not there yet **\*\***
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**\*\*** Windows support not there yet **\*\***
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@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ Distutils will take care of converting this platform-neutral representation into
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whatever is appropriate on your current platform before actually using the
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whatever is appropriate on your current platform before actually using the
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pathname. This makes your setup script portable across operating systems, which
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pathname. This makes your setup script portable across operating systems, which
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of course is one of the major goals of the Distutils. In this spirit, all
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of course is one of the major goals of the Distutils. In this spirit, all
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pathnames in this document are slash-separated. (Mac OS 9 programmers should
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pathnames in this document are slash-separated.
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keep in mind that the *absence* of a leading slash indicates a relative path,
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the opposite of the Mac OS convention with colons.)
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This, of course, only applies to pathnames given to Distutils functions. If
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This, of course, only applies to pathnames given to Distutils functions. If
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you, for example, use standard Python functions such as :func:`glob.glob` or
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you, for example, use standard Python functions such as :func:`glob.glob` or
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@ -25,10 +25,9 @@ the Python interpreter to run some Python code.
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So if you are embedding Python, you are providing your own main program. One of
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So if you are embedding Python, you are providing your own main program. One of
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the things this main program has to do is initialize the Python interpreter. At
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the things this main program has to do is initialize the Python interpreter. At
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the very least, you have to call the function :cfunc:`Py_Initialize` (on Mac OS,
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the very least, you have to call the function :cfunc:`Py_Initialize`. There are
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call :cfunc:`PyMac_Initialize` instead). There are optional calls to pass
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optional calls to pass command line arguments to Python. Then later you can
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command line arguments to Python. Then later you can call the interpreter from
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call the interpreter from any part of the application.
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any part of the application.
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There are several different ways to call the interpreter: you can pass a string
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There are several different ways to call the interpreter: you can pass a string
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containing Python statements to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleString`, or you can pass a
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containing Python statements to :cfunc:`PyRun_SimpleString`, or you can pass a
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@ -390,8 +390,7 @@ files. Don't try this on Windows. On Windows, ``select`` works with sockets
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only. Also note that in C, many of the more advanced socket options are done
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only. Also note that in C, many of the more advanced socket options are done
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differently on Windows. In fact, on Windows I usually use threads (which work
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differently on Windows. In fact, on Windows I usually use threads (which work
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very, very well) with my sockets. Face it, if you want any kind of performance,
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very, very well) with my sockets. Face it, if you want any kind of performance,
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your code will look very different on Windows than on Unix. (I haven't the
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your code will look very different on Windows than on Unix.
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foggiest how you do this stuff on a Mac.)
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Performance
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Performance
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@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ Unicode filenames
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Most of the operating systems in common use today support filenames that contain
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Most of the operating systems in common use today support filenames that contain
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arbitrary Unicode characters. Usually this is implemented by converting the
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arbitrary Unicode characters. Usually this is implemented by converting the
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Unicode string into some encoding that varies depending on the system. For
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Unicode string into some encoding that varies depending on the system. For
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example, MacOS X uses UTF-8 while Windows uses a configurable encoding; on
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example, Mac OS X uses UTF-8 while Windows uses a configurable encoding; on
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Windows, Python uses the name "mbcs" to refer to whatever the currently
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Windows, Python uses the name "mbcs" to refer to whatever the currently
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configured encoding is. On Unix systems, there will only be a filesystem
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configured encoding is. On Unix systems, there will only be a filesystem
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encoding if you've set the ``LANG`` or ``LC_CTYPE`` environment variables; if
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encoding if you've set the ``LANG`` or ``LC_CTYPE`` environment variables; if
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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ There is an alternative, more powerful interface to the coder and decoder, see
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the source for details.
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the source for details.
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If you code or decode textfiles on non-Macintosh platforms they will still use
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If you code or decode textfiles on non-Macintosh platforms they will still use
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the Macintosh newline convention (carriage-return as end of line).
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the old Macintosh newline convention (carriage-return as end of line).
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As of this writing, :func:`hexbin` appears to not work in all cases.
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As of this writing, :func:`hexbin` appears to not work in all cases.
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@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
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.. _toolbox:
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.. _toolbox:
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*********************
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**********************
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MacOS Toolbox Modules
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Mac OS Toolbox Modules
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*********************
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**********************
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There are a set of modules that provide interfaces to various MacOS toolboxes.
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There are a set of modules that provide interfaces to various Mac OS toolboxes.
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If applicable the module will define a number of Python objects for the various
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If applicable the module will define a number of Python objects for the various
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structures declared by the toolbox, and operations will be implemented as
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structures declared by the toolbox, and operations will be implemented as
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methods of the object. Other operations will be implemented as functions in the
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methods of the object. Other operations will be implemented as functions in the
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@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ The ``CFBase``, ``CFArray``, ``CFData``, ``CFDictionary``, ``CFString`` and
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:deprecated:
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:deprecated:
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This module is only fully available on MacOS9 and earlier under classic PPC
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This module is only fully available on Mac OS 9 and earlier under classic PPC
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MacPython. Very limited functionality is available under Carbon MacPython.
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MacPython. Very limited functionality is available under Carbon MacPython.
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.. index:: single: Scrap Manager
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.. index:: single: Scrap Manager
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@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ run CGI scripts.
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.. note::
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.. note::
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This module can run CGI scripts on Unix and Windows systems; on Mac OS it will
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This module can run CGI scripts on Unix and Windows systems.
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only be able to run Python scripts within the same process as itself.
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.. note::
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.. note::
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@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Window objects have the following methods, among others:
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.. method:: Window.open()
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.. method:: Window.open()
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Override this method to open a window. Store the MacOS window-id in
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Override this method to open a window. Store the Mac OS window-id in
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:attr:`self.wid` and call the :meth:`do_postopen` method to register the window
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:attr:`self.wid` and call the :meth:`do_postopen` method to register the window
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with the parent application.
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with the parent application.
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@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ IDLE has the following features:
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* coded in 100% pure Python, using the :mod:`tkinter` GUI toolkit
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* coded in 100% pure Python, using the :mod:`tkinter` GUI toolkit
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* cross-platform: works on Windows and Unix (on Mac OS, there are currently
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* cross-platform: works on Windows and Unix
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problems with Tcl/Tk)
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* multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing and many other
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* multi-window text editor with multiple undo, Python colorizing and many other
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features, e.g. smart indent and call tips
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features, e.g. smart indent and call tips
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@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ This module provides an interface to the mechanisms used to implement the
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searched, but first it searches a few special places: it tries to find a
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searched, but first it searches a few special places: it tries to find a
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built-in module with the given name (:const:`C_BUILTIN`), then a frozen
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built-in module with the given name (:const:`C_BUILTIN`), then a frozen
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module (:const:`PY_FROZEN`), and on some systems some other places are looked
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module (:const:`PY_FROZEN`), and on some systems some other places are looked
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in as well (on the Mac, it looks for a resource (:const:`PY_RESOURCE`); on
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in as well (on Windows, it looks in the registry which may point to a
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Windows, it looks in the registry which may point to a specific file).
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specific file).
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If search is successful, the return value is a 3-element tuple ``(file,
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If search is successful, the return value is a 3-element tuple ``(file,
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pathname, description)``:
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pathname, description)``:
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@ -153,12 +153,6 @@ indicate the search result of :func:`find_module`.
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The module was found as dynamically loadable shared library.
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The module was found as dynamically loadable shared library.
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.. data:: PY_RESOURCE
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The module was found as a Mac OS 9 resource. This value can only be returned on
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a Mac OS 9 or earlier Macintosh.
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.. data:: PKG_DIRECTORY
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.. data:: PKG_DIRECTORY
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The module was found as a package directory.
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The module was found as a package directory.
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to
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encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting
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encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting
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away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.
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away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.
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The Python installers for the Windows and Mac platforms usually include
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The Python installers for the Windows platform usually includes
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the entire standard library and often also include many additional
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the entire standard library and often also include many additional
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components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided
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components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided
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as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging
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as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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.. _mac-specific-services:
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.. _mac-specific-services:
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*************************
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**************************
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MacOS X specific services
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Mac OS X specific services
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*************************
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**************************
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This chapter describes modules that are only available on the Mac OS X platform.
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This chapter describes modules that are only available on the Mac OS X platform.
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Mac-specific Python programming.
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.. warning::
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.. warning::
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These modules are deprecated and are removed in 3.0
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These modules are deprecated and are removed in 3.0.
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.. toctree::
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.. toctree::
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@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
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:mod:`MacOS` --- Access to Mac OS interpreter features
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:mod:`MacOS` --- Access to Mac OS interpreter features
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======================================================
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======================================================
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@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
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:mod:`macpath` --- MacOS 9 path manipulation functions
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:mod:`macpath` --- Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
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======================================================
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=======================================================
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.. module:: macpath
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.. module:: macpath
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:synopsis: MacOS 9 path manipulation functions.
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:synopsis: Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions.
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This module is the Mac OS 9 (and earlier) implementation of the :mod:`os.path`
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This module is the Mac OS 9 (and earlier) implementation of the :mod:`os.path`
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@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ For an example of the usage of queues for interprocess communication see
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multithreading/multiprocessing semantics, this number is not reliable.
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multithreading/multiprocessing semantics, this number is not reliable.
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Note that this may raise :exc:`NotImplementedError` on Unix platforms like
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Note that this may raise :exc:`NotImplementedError` on Unix platforms like
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MacOS X where ``sem_getvalue()`` is not implemented.
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Mac OS X where ``sem_getvalue()`` is not implemented.
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.. method:: empty()
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.. method:: empty()
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A bounded semaphore object: a clone of :class:`threading.BoundedSemaphore`.
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A bounded semaphore object: a clone of :class:`threading.BoundedSemaphore`.
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(On Mac OSX this is indistinguishable from :class:`Semaphore` because
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(On Mac OS X this is indistinguishable from :class:`Semaphore` because
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``sem_getvalue()`` is not implemented on that platform).
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``sem_getvalue()`` is not implemented on that platform).
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.. class:: Condition([lock])
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.. class:: Condition([lock])
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@ -226,13 +226,13 @@ write files see :func:`open`, and for accessing the filesystem see the
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Return ``True`` if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory
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Return ``True`` if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory
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(as indicated by device number and i-node number). Raise an exception if a
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(as indicated by device number and i-node number). Raise an exception if a
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:func:`os.stat` call on either pathname fails. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
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:func:`os.stat` call on either pathname fails. Availability: Unix.
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.. function:: sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)
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.. function:: sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)
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Return ``True`` if the file descriptors *fp1* and *fp2* refer to the same file.
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Return ``True`` if the file descriptors *fp1* and *fp2* refer to the same file.
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Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
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Availability: Unix.
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.. function:: samestat(stat1, stat2)
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.. function:: samestat(stat1, stat2)
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@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ write files see :func:`open`, and for accessing the filesystem see the
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Return ``True`` if the stat tuples *stat1* and *stat2* refer to the same file.
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Return ``True`` if the stat tuples *stat1* and *stat2* refer to the same file.
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These structures may have been returned by :func:`fstat`, :func:`lstat`, or
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These structures may have been returned by :func:`fstat`, :func:`lstat`, or
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:func:`stat`. This function implements the underlying comparison used by
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:func:`stat`. This function implements the underlying comparison used by
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:func:`samefile` and :func:`sameopenfile`. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
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:func:`samefile` and :func:`sameopenfile`. Availability: Unix.
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.. function:: split(path)
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.. function:: split(path)
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@ -22,6 +22,11 @@ interface).
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Extensions peculiar to a particular operating system are also available through
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Extensions peculiar to a particular operating system are also available through
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the :mod:`os` module, but using them is of course a threat to portability!
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the :mod:`os` module, but using them is of course a threat to portability!
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.. note::
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If not separately noted, all functions that claim "Availability: Unix" are
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supported on Mac OS X, which builds on a Unix core.
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.. note::
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.. note::
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All functions in this module raise :exc:`OSError` in the case of invalid or
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All functions in this module raise :exc:`OSError` in the case of invalid or
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@ -44,7 +49,7 @@ the :mod:`os` module, but using them is of course a threat to portability!
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.. data:: path
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.. data:: path
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The corresponding operating system dependent standard module for pathname
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The corresponding operating system dependent standard module for pathname
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operations, such as :mod:`posixpath` or :mod:`macpath`. Thus, given the proper
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operations, such as :mod:`posixpath` or :mod:`ntpath`. Thus, given the proper
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imports, ``os.path.split(file)`` is equivalent to but more portable than
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imports, ``os.path.split(file)`` is equivalent to but more portable than
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``posixpath.split(file)``. Note that this is also an importable module: it may
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``posixpath.split(file)``. Note that this is also an importable module: it may
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be imported directly as :mod:`os.path`.
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be imported directly as :mod:`os.path`.
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@ -81,8 +86,9 @@ process and user.
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.. note::
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.. note::
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On some platforms, including FreeBSD and Mac OS X, setting ``environ`` may cause
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On some platforms, including FreeBSD and Mac OS X, setting ``environ`` may
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memory leaks. Refer to the system documentation for :cfunc:`putenv`.
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cause memory leaks. Refer to the system documentation for
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:cfunc:`putenv`.
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If :func:`putenv` is not provided, a modified copy of this mapping may be
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If :func:`putenv` is not provided, a modified copy of this mapping may be
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passed to the appropriate process-creation functions to cause child processes
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passed to the appropriate process-creation functions to cause child processes
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@ -202,8 +208,8 @@ process and user.
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.. note::
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.. note::
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On some platforms, including FreeBSD and Mac OS X, setting ``environ`` may cause
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On some platforms, including FreeBSD and Mac OS X, setting ``environ`` may
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memory leaks. Refer to the system documentation for putenv.
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cause memory leaks. Refer to the system documentation for putenv.
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When :func:`putenv` is supported, assignments to items in ``os.environ`` are
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When :func:`putenv` is supported, assignments to items in ``os.environ`` are
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automatically translated into corresponding calls to :func:`putenv`; however,
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automatically translated into corresponding calls to :func:`putenv`; however,
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||||||
|
@ -338,7 +344,7 @@ These functions create new file objects. (See also :func:`open`.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return an open file object connected to the file descriptor *fd*. The *mode*
|
Return an open file object connected to the file descriptor *fd*. The *mode*
|
||||||
and *bufsize* arguments have the same meaning as the corresponding arguments to
|
and *bufsize* arguments have the same meaning as the corresponding arguments to
|
||||||
the built-in :func:`open` function. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
the built-in :func:`open` function. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
|
||||||
When specified, the *mode* argument must now start with one of the letters
|
When specified, the *mode* argument must now start with one of the letters
|
||||||
|
@ -359,7 +365,7 @@ These functions create new file objects. (See also :func:`open`.)
|
||||||
status of the command (encoded in the format specified for :func:`wait`) is
|
status of the command (encoded in the format specified for :func:`wait`) is
|
||||||
available as the return value of the :meth:`close` method of the file object,
|
available as the return value of the :meth:`close` method of the file object,
|
||||||
except that when the exit status is zero (termination without errors), ``None``
|
except that when the exit status is zero (termination without errors), ``None``
|
||||||
is returned. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
is returned. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. deprecated:: 2.6
|
.. deprecated:: 2.6
|
||||||
This function is obsolete. Use the :mod:`subprocess` module. Check
|
This function is obsolete. Use the :mod:`subprocess` module. Check
|
||||||
|
@ -376,7 +382,7 @@ These functions create new file objects. (See also :func:`open`.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return a new file object opened in update mode (``w+b``). The file has no
|
Return a new file object opened in update mode (``w+b``). The file has no
|
||||||
directory entries associated with it and will be automatically deleted once
|
directory entries associated with it and will be automatically deleted once
|
||||||
there are no file descriptors for the file. Availability: Macintosh, Unix,
|
there are no file descriptors for the file. Availability: Unix,
|
||||||
Windows.
|
Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There are a number of different :func:`popen\*` functions that provide slightly
|
There are a number of different :func:`popen\*` functions that provide slightly
|
||||||
|
@ -415,7 +421,7 @@ functions, see :ref:`popen2-flow-control`.
|
||||||
This function is obsolete. Use the :mod:`subprocess` module. Check
|
This function is obsolete. Use the :mod:`subprocess` module. Check
|
||||||
especially the :ref:`subprocess-replacements` section.
|
especially the :ref:`subprocess-replacements` section.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.0
|
.. versionadded:: 2.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -429,7 +435,7 @@ functions, see :ref:`popen2-flow-control`.
|
||||||
This function is obsolete. Use the :mod:`subprocess` module. Check
|
This function is obsolete. Use the :mod:`subprocess` module. Check
|
||||||
especially the :ref:`subprocess-replacements` section.
|
especially the :ref:`subprocess-replacements` section.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.0
|
.. versionadded:: 2.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -443,7 +449,7 @@ functions, see :ref:`popen2-flow-control`.
|
||||||
This function is obsolete. Use the :mod:`subprocess` module. Check
|
This function is obsolete. Use the :mod:`subprocess` module. Check
|
||||||
especially the :ref:`subprocess-replacements` section.
|
especially the :ref:`subprocess-replacements` section.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.0
|
.. versionadded:: 2.0
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -473,7 +479,7 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: close(fd)
|
.. function:: close(fd)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Close file descriptor *fd*. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Close file descriptor *fd*. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. note::
|
.. note::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -486,7 +492,7 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
.. function:: closerange(fd_low, fd_high)
|
.. function:: closerange(fd_low, fd_high)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Close all file descriptors from *fd_low* (inclusive) to *fd_high* (exclusive),
|
Close all file descriptors from *fd_low* (inclusive) to *fd_high* (exclusive),
|
||||||
ignoring errors. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows. Equivalent to::
|
ignoring errors. Availability: Unix, Windows. Equivalent to::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
for fd in xrange(fd_low, fd_high):
|
for fd in xrange(fd_low, fd_high):
|
||||||
try:
|
try:
|
||||||
|
@ -499,14 +505,14 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: dup(fd)
|
.. function:: dup(fd)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return a duplicate of file descriptor *fd*. Availability: Macintosh, Unix,
|
Return a duplicate of file descriptor *fd*. Availability: Unix,
|
||||||
Windows.
|
Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: dup2(fd, fd2)
|
.. function:: dup2(fd, fd2)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Duplicate file descriptor *fd* to *fd2*, closing the latter first if necessary.
|
Duplicate file descriptor *fd* to *fd2*, closing the latter first if necessary.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: fchmod(fd, mode)
|
.. function:: fchmod(fd, mode)
|
||||||
|
@ -541,7 +547,7 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
additional names as well. The names known to the host operating system are
|
additional names as well. The names known to the host operating system are
|
||||||
given in the ``pathconf_names`` dictionary. For configuration variables not
|
given in the ``pathconf_names`` dictionary. For configuration variables not
|
||||||
included in that mapping, passing an integer for *name* is also accepted.
|
included in that mapping, passing an integer for *name* is also accepted.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If *name* is a string and is not known, :exc:`ValueError` is raised. If a
|
If *name* is a string and is not known, :exc:`ValueError` is raised. If a
|
||||||
specific value for *name* is not supported by the host system, even if it is
|
specific value for *name* is not supported by the host system, even if it is
|
||||||
|
@ -552,7 +558,7 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
.. function:: fstat(fd)
|
.. function:: fstat(fd)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return status for file descriptor *fd*, like :func:`stat`. Availability:
|
Return status for file descriptor *fd*, like :func:`stat`. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: fstatvfs(fd)
|
.. function:: fstatvfs(fd)
|
||||||
|
@ -568,20 +574,20 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you're starting with a Python file object *f*, first do ``f.flush()``, and
|
If you're starting with a Python file object *f*, first do ``f.flush()``, and
|
||||||
then do ``os.fsync(f.fileno())``, to ensure that all internal buffers associated
|
then do ``os.fsync(f.fileno())``, to ensure that all internal buffers associated
|
||||||
with *f* are written to disk. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, and Windows
|
with *f* are written to disk. Availability: Unix, and Windows
|
||||||
starting in 2.2.3.
|
starting in 2.2.3.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: ftruncate(fd, length)
|
.. function:: ftruncate(fd, length)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Truncate the file corresponding to file descriptor *fd*, so that it is at most
|
Truncate the file corresponding to file descriptor *fd*, so that it is at most
|
||||||
*length* bytes in size. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
*length* bytes in size. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: isatty(fd)
|
.. function:: isatty(fd)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return ``True`` if the file descriptor *fd* is open and connected to a
|
Return ``True`` if the file descriptor *fd* is open and connected to a
|
||||||
tty(-like) device, else ``False``. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
tty(-like) device, else ``False``. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: lseek(fd, pos, how)
|
.. function:: lseek(fd, pos, how)
|
||||||
|
@ -590,7 +596,7 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
by *how*: :const:`SEEK_SET` or ``0`` to set the position relative to the
|
by *how*: :const:`SEEK_SET` or ``0`` to set the position relative to the
|
||||||
beginning of the file; :const:`SEEK_CUR` or ``1`` to set it relative to the
|
beginning of the file; :const:`SEEK_CUR` or ``1`` to set it relative to the
|
||||||
current position; :const:`os.SEEK_END` or ``2`` to set it relative to the end of
|
current position; :const:`os.SEEK_END` or ``2`` to set it relative to the end of
|
||||||
the file. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
the file. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: open(file, flags[, mode])
|
.. function:: open(file, flags[, mode])
|
||||||
|
@ -598,7 +604,7 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
Open the file *file* and set various flags according to *flags* and possibly its
|
Open the file *file* and set various flags according to *flags* and possibly its
|
||||||
mode according to *mode*. The default *mode* is ``0777`` (octal), and the
|
mode according to *mode*. The default *mode* is ``0777`` (octal), and the
|
||||||
current umask value is first masked out. Return the file descriptor for the
|
current umask value is first masked out. Return the file descriptor for the
|
||||||
newly opened file. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
newly opened file. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For a description of the flag and mode values, see the C run-time documentation;
|
For a description of the flag and mode values, see the C run-time documentation;
|
||||||
flag constants (like :const:`O_RDONLY` and :const:`O_WRONLY`) are defined in
|
flag constants (like :const:`O_RDONLY` and :const:`O_WRONLY`) are defined in
|
||||||
|
@ -618,21 +624,21 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Open a new pseudo-terminal pair. Return a pair of file descriptors ``(master,
|
Open a new pseudo-terminal pair. Return a pair of file descriptors ``(master,
|
||||||
slave)`` for the pty and the tty, respectively. For a (slightly) more portable
|
slave)`` for the pty and the tty, respectively. For a (slightly) more portable
|
||||||
approach, use the :mod:`pty` module. Availability: Macintosh, some flavors of
|
approach, use the :mod:`pty` module. Availability: some flavors of
|
||||||
Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: pipe()
|
.. function:: pipe()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Create a pipe. Return a pair of file descriptors ``(r, w)`` usable for reading
|
Create a pipe. Return a pair of file descriptors ``(r, w)`` usable for reading
|
||||||
and writing, respectively. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
and writing, respectively. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: read(fd, n)
|
.. function:: read(fd, n)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Read at most *n* bytes from file descriptor *fd*. Return a string containing the
|
Read at most *n* bytes from file descriptor *fd*. Return a string containing the
|
||||||
bytes read. If the end of the file referred to by *fd* has been reached, an
|
bytes read. If the end of the file referred to by *fd* has been reached, an
|
||||||
empty string is returned. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
empty string is returned. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. note::
|
.. note::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -646,26 +652,26 @@ by file descriptors.
|
||||||
.. function:: tcgetpgrp(fd)
|
.. function:: tcgetpgrp(fd)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by *fd* (an open
|
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by *fd* (an open
|
||||||
file descriptor as returned by :func:`open`). Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
file descriptor as returned by :func:`open`). Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: tcsetpgrp(fd, pg)
|
.. function:: tcsetpgrp(fd, pg)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by *fd* (an open file
|
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by *fd* (an open file
|
||||||
descriptor as returned by :func:`open`) to *pg*. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
descriptor as returned by :func:`open`) to *pg*. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: ttyname(fd)
|
.. function:: ttyname(fd)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return a string which specifies the terminal device associated with
|
Return a string which specifies the terminal device associated with
|
||||||
file descriptor *fd*. If *fd* is not associated with a terminal device, an
|
file descriptor *fd*. If *fd* is not associated with a terminal device, an
|
||||||
exception is raised. Availability:Macintosh, Unix.
|
exception is raised. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: write(fd, str)
|
.. function:: write(fd, str)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Write the string *str* to file descriptor *fd*. Return the number of bytes
|
Write the string *str* to file descriptor *fd*. Return the number of bytes
|
||||||
actually written. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
actually written. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. note::
|
.. note::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -690,7 +696,7 @@ platforms. For descriptions of their availability and use, consult
|
||||||
O_TRUNC
|
O_TRUNC
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Options for the *flag* argument to the :func:`open` function. These can be
|
Options for the *flag* argument to the :func:`open` function. These can be
|
||||||
combined using the bitwise OR operator ``|``. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
combined using the bitwise OR operator ``|``. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: O_DSYNC
|
.. data:: O_DSYNC
|
||||||
|
@ -703,7 +709,7 @@ platforms. For descriptions of their availability and use, consult
|
||||||
O_EXLOCK
|
O_EXLOCK
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
More options for the *flag* argument to the :func:`open` function. Availability:
|
More options for the *flag* argument to the :func:`open` function. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: O_BINARY
|
.. data:: O_BINARY
|
||||||
|
@ -733,7 +739,7 @@ platforms. For descriptions of their availability and use, consult
|
||||||
SEEK_END
|
SEEK_END
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Parameters to the :func:`lseek` function. Their values are 0, 1, and 2,
|
Parameters to the :func:`lseek` function. Their values are 0, 1, and 2,
|
||||||
respectively. Availability: Windows, Macintosh, Unix.
|
respectively. Availability: Windows, Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.5
|
.. versionadded:: 2.5
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -752,7 +758,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
can be the inclusive OR of one or more of :const:`R_OK`, :const:`W_OK`, and
|
can be the inclusive OR of one or more of :const:`R_OK`, :const:`W_OK`, and
|
||||||
:const:`X_OK` to test permissions. Return :const:`True` if access is allowed,
|
:const:`X_OK` to test permissions. Return :const:`True` if access is allowed,
|
||||||
:const:`False` if not. See the Unix man page :manpage:`access(2)` for more
|
:const:`False` if not. See the Unix man page :manpage:`access(2)` for more
|
||||||
information. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
information. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. note::
|
.. note::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -796,7 +802,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. index:: single: directory; changing
|
.. index:: single: directory; changing
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Change the current working directory to *path*. Availability: Macintosh, Unix,
|
Change the current working directory to *path*. Availability: Unix,
|
||||||
Windows.
|
Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -812,13 +818,13 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
.. function:: getcwd()
|
.. function:: getcwd()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return a string representing the current working directory. Availability:
|
Return a string representing the current working directory. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: getcwdu()
|
.. function:: getcwdu()
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return a Unicode object representing the current working directory.
|
Return a Unicode object representing the current working directory.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -839,7 +845,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
* ``SF_NOUNLINK``
|
* ``SF_NOUNLINK``
|
||||||
* ``SF_SNAPSHOT``
|
* ``SF_SNAPSHOT``
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.6
|
.. versionadded:: 2.6
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -847,7 +853,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
.. function:: chroot(path)
|
.. function:: chroot(path)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Change the root directory of the current process to *path*. Availability:
|
Change the root directory of the current process to *path*. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.2
|
.. versionadded:: 2.2
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -879,7 +885,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
* ``stat.S_IWOTH``
|
* ``stat.S_IWOTH``
|
||||||
* ``stat.S_IXOTH``
|
* ``stat.S_IXOTH``
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. note::
|
.. note::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -892,7 +898,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
.. function:: chown(path, uid, gid)
|
.. function:: chown(path, uid, gid)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Change the owner and group id of *path* to the numeric *uid* and *gid*. To leave
|
Change the owner and group id of *path* to the numeric *uid* and *gid*. To leave
|
||||||
one of the ids unchanged, set it to -1. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
one of the ids unchanged, set it to -1. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: lchflags(path, flags)
|
.. function:: lchflags(path, flags)
|
||||||
|
@ -915,21 +921,21 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
.. function:: lchown(path, uid, gid)
|
.. function:: lchown(path, uid, gid)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Change the owner and group id of *path* to the numeric *uid* and *gid*. This
|
Change the owner and group id of *path* to the numeric *uid* and *gid*. This
|
||||||
function will not follow symbolic links. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
function will not follow symbolic links. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: link(src, dst)
|
.. function:: link(src, dst)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Create a hard link pointing to *src* named *dst*. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Create a hard link pointing to *src* named *dst*. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: listdir(path)
|
.. function:: listdir(path)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory. The list is
|
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory. The list is
|
||||||
in arbitrary order. It does not include the special entries ``'.'`` and
|
in arbitrary order. It does not include the special entries ``'.'`` and
|
||||||
``'..'`` even if they are present in the directory. Availability: Macintosh,
|
``'..'`` even if they are present in the directory. Availability:
|
||||||
Unix, Windows.
|
Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
@ -948,7 +954,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Create a FIFO (a named pipe) named *path* with numeric mode *mode*. The default
|
Create a FIFO (a named pipe) named *path* with numeric mode *mode*. The default
|
||||||
*mode* is ``0666`` (octal). The current umask value is first masked out from
|
*mode* is ``0666`` (octal). The current umask value is first masked out from
|
||||||
the mode. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
the mode. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
FIFOs are pipes that can be accessed like regular files. FIFOs exist until they
|
FIFOs are pipes that can be accessed like regular files. FIFOs exist until they
|
||||||
are deleted (for example with :func:`os.unlink`). Generally, FIFOs are used as
|
are deleted (for example with :func:`os.unlink`). Generally, FIFOs are used as
|
||||||
|
@ -998,7 +1004,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Create a directory named *path* with numeric mode *mode*. The default *mode* is
|
Create a directory named *path* with numeric mode *mode*. The default *mode* is
|
||||||
``0777`` (octal). On some systems, *mode* is ignored. Where it is used, the
|
``0777`` (octal). On some systems, *mode* is ignored. Where it is used, the
|
||||||
current umask value is first masked out. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
current umask value is first masked out. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is also possible to create temporary directories; see the
|
It is also possible to create temporary directories; see the
|
||||||
:mod:`tempfile` module's :func:`tempfile.mkdtemp` function.
|
:mod:`tempfile` module's :func:`tempfile.mkdtemp` function.
|
||||||
|
@ -1036,7 +1042,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
additional names as well. The names known to the host operating system are
|
additional names as well. The names known to the host operating system are
|
||||||
given in the ``pathconf_names`` dictionary. For configuration variables not
|
given in the ``pathconf_names`` dictionary. For configuration variables not
|
||||||
included in that mapping, passing an integer for *name* is also accepted.
|
included in that mapping, passing an integer for *name* is also accepted.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If *name* is a string and is not known, :exc:`ValueError` is raised. If a
|
If *name* is a string and is not known, :exc:`ValueError` is raised. If a
|
||||||
specific value for *name* is not supported by the host system, even if it is
|
specific value for *name* is not supported by the host system, even if it is
|
||||||
|
@ -1049,7 +1055,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
Dictionary mapping names accepted by :func:`pathconf` and :func:`fpathconf` to
|
Dictionary mapping names accepted by :func:`pathconf` and :func:`fpathconf` to
|
||||||
the integer values defined for those names by the host operating system. This
|
the integer values defined for those names by the host operating system. This
|
||||||
can be used to determine the set of names known to the system. Availability:
|
can be used to determine the set of names known to the system. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: readlink(path)
|
.. function:: readlink(path)
|
||||||
|
@ -1062,7 +1068,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
|
||||||
If the *path* is a Unicode object the result will also be a Unicode object.
|
If the *path* is a Unicode object the result will also be a Unicode object.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: remove(path)
|
.. function:: remove(path)
|
||||||
|
@ -1072,7 +1078,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
:func:`unlink` function documented below. On Windows, attempting to remove a
|
:func:`unlink` function documented below. On Windows, attempting to remove a
|
||||||
file that is in use causes an exception to be raised; on Unix, the directory
|
file that is in use causes an exception to be raised; on Unix, the directory
|
||||||
entry is removed but the storage allocated to the file is not made available
|
entry is removed but the storage allocated to the file is not made available
|
||||||
until the original file is no longer in use. Availability: Macintosh, Unix,
|
until the original file is no longer in use. Availability: Unix,
|
||||||
Windows.
|
Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1101,7 +1107,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
the renaming will be an atomic operation (this is a POSIX requirement). On
|
the renaming will be an atomic operation (this is a POSIX requirement). On
|
||||||
Windows, if *dst* already exists, :exc:`OSError` will be raised even if it is a
|
Windows, if *dst* already exists, :exc:`OSError` will be raised even if it is a
|
||||||
file; there may be no way to implement an atomic rename when *dst* names an
|
file; there may be no way to implement an atomic rename when *dst* names an
|
||||||
existing file. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
existing file. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: renames(old, new)
|
.. function:: renames(old, new)
|
||||||
|
@ -1121,7 +1127,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: rmdir(path)
|
.. function:: rmdir(path)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Remove the directory *path*. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Remove the directory *path*. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: stat(path)
|
.. function:: stat(path)
|
||||||
|
@ -1185,7 +1191,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
:attr:`st_mtime` has 2-second resolution, and :attr:`st_atime` has only 1-day
|
:attr:`st_mtime` has 2-second resolution, and :attr:`st_atime` has only 1-day
|
||||||
resolution. See your operating system documentation for details.
|
resolution. See your operating system documentation for details.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
|
||||||
Added access to values as attributes of the returned object.
|
Added access to values as attributes of the returned object.
|
||||||
|
@ -1265,7 +1271,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
Use of :func:`tempnam` is vulnerable to symlink attacks; consider using
|
Use of :func:`tempnam` is vulnerable to symlink attacks; consider using
|
||||||
:func:`tmpfile` (section :ref:`os-newstreams`) instead.
|
:func:`tmpfile` (section :ref:`os-newstreams`) instead.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: tmpnam()
|
.. function:: tmpnam()
|
||||||
|
@ -1297,7 +1303,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
.. function:: unlink(path)
|
.. function:: unlink(path)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Remove the file *path*. This is the same function as :func:`remove`; the
|
Remove the file *path*. This is the same function as :func:`remove`; the
|
||||||
:func:`unlink` name is its traditional Unix name. Availability: Macintosh, Unix,
|
:func:`unlink` name is its traditional Unix name. Availability: Unix,
|
||||||
Windows.
|
Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1317,7 +1323,7 @@ Files and Directories
|
||||||
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
|
||||||
Added support for ``None`` for *times*.
|
Added support for ``None`` for *times*.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: walk(top[, topdown=True [, onerror=None[, followlinks=False]]])
|
.. function:: walk(top[, topdown=True [, onerror=None[, followlinks=False]]])
|
||||||
|
@ -1430,7 +1436,7 @@ to be ignored.
|
||||||
behavior is to produce a core dump; on Windows, the process immediately returns
|
behavior is to produce a core dump; on Windows, the process immediately returns
|
||||||
an exit code of ``3``. Be aware that programs which use :func:`signal.signal`
|
an exit code of ``3``. Be aware that programs which use :func:`signal.signal`
|
||||||
to register a handler for :const:`SIGABRT` will behave differently.
|
to register a handler for :const:`SIGABRT` will behave differently.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: execl(path, arg0, arg1, ...)
|
.. function:: execl(path, arg0, arg1, ...)
|
||||||
|
@ -1471,14 +1477,14 @@ to be ignored.
|
||||||
used to define the environment variables for the new process (these are used
|
used to define the environment variables for the new process (these are used
|
||||||
instead of the current process' environment); the functions :func:`execl`,
|
instead of the current process' environment); the functions :func:`execl`,
|
||||||
:func:`execlp`, :func:`execv`, and :func:`execvp` all cause the new process to
|
:func:`execlp`, :func:`execv`, and :func:`execvp` all cause the new process to
|
||||||
inherit the environment of the current process. Availability: Macintosh, Unix,
|
inherit the environment of the current process. Availability: Unix,
|
||||||
Windows.
|
Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: _exit(n)
|
.. function:: _exit(n)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit to the system with status *n*, without calling cleanup handlers, flushing
|
Exit to the system with status *n*, without calling cleanup handlers, flushing
|
||||||
stdio buffers, etc. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
stdio buffers, etc. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. note::
|
.. note::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1498,7 +1504,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_OK
|
.. data:: EX_OK
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means no error occurred. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Exit code that means no error occurred. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1506,15 +1512,14 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_USAGE
|
.. data:: EX_USAGE
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means the command was used incorrectly, such as when the wrong
|
Exit code that means the command was used incorrectly, such as when the wrong
|
||||||
number of arguments are given. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
number of arguments are given. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_DATAERR
|
.. data:: EX_DATAERR
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means the input data was incorrect. Availability: Macintosh,
|
Exit code that means the input data was incorrect. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
Unix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1522,23 +1527,21 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_NOINPUT
|
.. data:: EX_NOINPUT
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means an input file did not exist or was not readable.
|
Exit code that means an input file did not exist or was not readable.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_NOUSER
|
.. data:: EX_NOUSER
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means a specified user did not exist. Availability: Macintosh,
|
Exit code that means a specified user did not exist. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
Unix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_NOHOST
|
.. data:: EX_NOHOST
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means a specified host did not exist. Availability: Macintosh,
|
Exit code that means a specified host did not exist. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
Unix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1546,7 +1549,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_UNAVAILABLE
|
.. data:: EX_UNAVAILABLE
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means that a required service is unavailable. Availability:
|
Exit code that means that a required service is unavailable. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1554,7 +1557,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_SOFTWARE
|
.. data:: EX_SOFTWARE
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means an internal software error was detected. Availability:
|
Exit code that means an internal software error was detected. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1562,7 +1565,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_OSERR
|
.. data:: EX_OSERR
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means an operating system error was detected, such as the
|
Exit code that means an operating system error was detected, such as the
|
||||||
inability to fork or create a pipe. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
inability to fork or create a pipe. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1570,7 +1573,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_OSFILE
|
.. data:: EX_OSFILE
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means some system file did not exist, could not be opened, or had
|
Exit code that means some system file did not exist, could not be opened, or had
|
||||||
some other kind of error. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
some other kind of error. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1578,7 +1581,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_CANTCREAT
|
.. data:: EX_CANTCREAT
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means a user specified output file could not be created.
|
Exit code that means a user specified output file could not be created.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1586,7 +1589,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_IOERR
|
.. data:: EX_IOERR
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means that an error occurred while doing I/O on some file.
|
Exit code that means that an error occurred while doing I/O on some file.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1595,7 +1598,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means a temporary failure occurred. This indicates something
|
Exit code that means a temporary failure occurred. This indicates something
|
||||||
that may not really be an error, such as a network connection that couldn't be
|
that may not really be an error, such as a network connection that couldn't be
|
||||||
made during a retryable operation. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
made during a retryable operation. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1603,7 +1606,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_PROTOCOL
|
.. data:: EX_PROTOCOL
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means that a protocol exchange was illegal, invalid, or not
|
Exit code that means that a protocol exchange was illegal, invalid, or not
|
||||||
understood. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
understood. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1611,8 +1614,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_NOPERM
|
.. data:: EX_NOPERM
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means that there were insufficient permissions to perform the
|
Exit code that means that there were insufficient permissions to perform the
|
||||||
operation (but not intended for file system problems). Availability: Macintosh,
|
operation (but not intended for file system problems). Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
Unix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1620,7 +1622,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_CONFIG
|
.. data:: EX_CONFIG
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means that some kind of configuration error occurred.
|
Exit code that means that some kind of configuration error occurred.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1628,7 +1630,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. data:: EX_NOTFOUND
|
.. data:: EX_NOTFOUND
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Exit code that means something like "an entry was not found". Availability:
|
Exit code that means something like "an entry was not found". Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1637,7 +1639,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Fork a child process. Return ``0`` in the child and the child's process id in the
|
Fork a child process. Return ``0`` in the child and the child's process id in the
|
||||||
parent. If an error occurs :exc:`OSError` is raised.
|
parent. If an error occurs :exc:`OSError` is raised.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: forkpty()
|
.. function:: forkpty()
|
||||||
|
@ -1647,7 +1649,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
new child's process id in the parent, and *fd* is the file descriptor of the
|
new child's process id in the parent, and *fd* is the file descriptor of the
|
||||||
master end of the pseudo-terminal. For a more portable approach, use the
|
master end of the pseudo-terminal. For a more portable approach, use the
|
||||||
:mod:`pty` module. If an error occurs :exc:`OSError` is raised.
|
:mod:`pty` module. If an error occurs :exc:`OSError` is raised.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, some flavors of Unix.
|
Availability: some flavors of Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: kill(pid, sig)
|
.. function:: kill(pid, sig)
|
||||||
|
@ -1658,7 +1660,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Send signal *sig* to the process *pid*. Constants for the specific signals
|
Send signal *sig* to the process *pid*. Constants for the specific signals
|
||||||
available on the host platform are defined in the :mod:`signal` module.
|
available on the host platform are defined in the :mod:`signal` module.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: killpg(pgid, sig)
|
.. function:: killpg(pgid, sig)
|
||||||
|
@ -1667,8 +1669,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
single: process; killing
|
single: process; killing
|
||||||
single: process; signalling
|
single: process; signalling
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Send the signal *sig* to the process group *pgid*. Availability: Macintosh,
|
Send the signal *sig* to the process group *pgid*. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
Unix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1676,14 +1677,13 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
.. function:: nice(increment)
|
.. function:: nice(increment)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Add *increment* to the process's "niceness". Return the new niceness.
|
Add *increment* to the process's "niceness". Return the new niceness.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: plock(op)
|
.. function:: plock(op)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Lock program segments into memory. The value of *op* (defined in
|
Lock program segments into memory. The value of *op* (defined in
|
||||||
``<sys/lock.h>``) determines which segments are locked. Availability: Macintosh,
|
``<sys/lock.h>``) determines which segments are locked. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
Unix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: popen(...)
|
.. function:: popen(...)
|
||||||
|
@ -1765,7 +1765,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
Possible values for the *mode* parameter to the :func:`spawn\*` family of
|
Possible values for the *mode* parameter to the :func:`spawn\*` family of
|
||||||
functions. If either of these values is given, the :func:`spawn\*` functions
|
functions. If either of these values is given, the :func:`spawn\*` functions
|
||||||
will return as soon as the new process has been created, with the process id as
|
will return as soon as the new process has been created, with the process id as
|
||||||
the return value. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
the return value. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 1.6
|
.. versionadded:: 1.6
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
functions. If this is given as *mode*, the :func:`spawn\*` functions will not
|
functions. If this is given as *mode*, the :func:`spawn\*` functions will not
|
||||||
return until the new process has run to completion and will return the exit code
|
return until the new process has run to completion and will return the exit code
|
||||||
of the process the run is successful, or ``-signal`` if a signal kills the
|
of the process the run is successful, or ``-signal`` if a signal kills the
|
||||||
process. Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
process. Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 1.6
|
.. versionadded:: 1.6
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1841,7 +1841,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
the command run; on systems using a non-native shell, consult your shell
|
the command run; on systems using a non-native shell, consult your shell
|
||||||
documentation.
|
documentation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
|
Availability: Unix, Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The :mod:`subprocess` module provides more powerful facilities for spawning new
|
The :mod:`subprocess` module provides more powerful facilities for spawning new
|
||||||
processes and retrieving their results; using that module is preferable to using
|
processes and retrieving their results; using that module is preferable to using
|
||||||
|
@ -1855,7 +1855,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
other) times, in seconds. The items are: user time, system time, children's
|
other) times, in seconds. The items are: user time, system time, children's
|
||||||
user time, children's system time, and elapsed real time since a fixed point in
|
user time, children's system time, and elapsed real time since a fixed point in
|
||||||
the past, in that order. See the Unix manual page :manpage:`times(2)` or the
|
the past, in that order. See the Unix manual page :manpage:`times(2)` or the
|
||||||
corresponding Windows Platform API documentation. Availability: Macintosh, Unix,
|
corresponding Windows Platform API documentation. Availability: Unix,
|
||||||
Windows. On Windows, only the first two items are filled, the others are zero.
|
Windows. On Windows, only the first two items are filled, the others are zero.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1865,7 +1865,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
and exit status indication: a 16-bit number, whose low byte is the signal number
|
and exit status indication: a 16-bit number, whose low byte is the signal number
|
||||||
that killed the process, and whose high byte is the exit status (if the signal
|
that killed the process, and whose high byte is the exit status (if the signal
|
||||||
number is zero); the high bit of the low byte is set if a core file was
|
number is zero); the high bit of the low byte is set if a core file was
|
||||||
produced. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
produced. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: waitpid(pid, options)
|
.. function:: waitpid(pid, options)
|
||||||
|
@ -1923,7 +1923,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The option for :func:`waitpid` to return immediately if no child process status
|
The option for :func:`waitpid` to return immediately if no child process status
|
||||||
is available immediately. The function returns ``(0, 0)`` in this case.
|
is available immediately. The function returns ``(0, 0)`` in this case.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: WCONTINUED
|
.. data:: WCONTINUED
|
||||||
|
@ -1939,7 +1939,7 @@ written in Python, such as a mail server's external command delivery program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This option causes child processes to be reported if they have been stopped but
|
This option causes child processes to be reported if they have been stopped but
|
||||||
their current state has not been reported since they were stopped. Availability:
|
their current state has not been reported since they were stopped. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1951,7 +1951,7 @@ used to determine the disposition of a process.
|
||||||
.. function:: WCOREDUMP(status)
|
.. function:: WCOREDUMP(status)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return ``True`` if a core dump was generated for the process, otherwise
|
Return ``True`` if a core dump was generated for the process, otherwise
|
||||||
return ``False``. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
return ``False``. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
.. versionadded:: 2.3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1973,32 +1973,30 @@ used to determine the disposition of a process.
|
||||||
.. function:: WIFSIGNALED(status)
|
.. function:: WIFSIGNALED(status)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return ``True`` if the process exited due to a signal, otherwise return
|
Return ``True`` if the process exited due to a signal, otherwise return
|
||||||
``False``. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
``False``. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: WIFEXITED(status)
|
.. function:: WIFEXITED(status)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return ``True`` if the process exited using the :manpage:`exit(2)` system call,
|
Return ``True`` if the process exited using the :manpage:`exit(2)` system call,
|
||||||
otherwise return ``False``. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
otherwise return ``False``. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: WEXITSTATUS(status)
|
.. function:: WEXITSTATUS(status)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If ``WIFEXITED(status)`` is true, return the integer parameter to the
|
If ``WIFEXITED(status)`` is true, return the integer parameter to the
|
||||||
:manpage:`exit(2)` system call. Otherwise, the return value is meaningless.
|
:manpage:`exit(2)` system call. Otherwise, the return value is meaningless.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: WSTOPSIG(status)
|
.. function:: WSTOPSIG(status)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return the signal which caused the process to stop. Availability: Macintosh,
|
Return the signal which caused the process to stop. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
Unix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: WTERMSIG(status)
|
.. function:: WTERMSIG(status)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Return the signal which caused the process to exit. Availability: Macintosh,
|
Return the signal which caused the process to exit. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
Unix.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. _os-path:
|
.. _os-path:
|
||||||
|
@ -2016,7 +2014,7 @@ Miscellaneous System Information
|
||||||
The names known to the host operating system are given as the keys of the
|
The names known to the host operating system are given as the keys of the
|
||||||
``confstr_names`` dictionary. For configuration variables not included in that
|
``confstr_names`` dictionary. For configuration variables not included in that
|
||||||
mapping, passing an integer for *name* is also accepted. Availability:
|
mapping, passing an integer for *name* is also accepted. Availability:
|
||||||
Macintosh, Unix.
|
Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If the configuration value specified by *name* isn't defined, ``None`` is
|
If the configuration value specified by *name* isn't defined, ``None`` is
|
||||||
returned.
|
returned.
|
||||||
|
@ -2031,7 +2029,7 @@ Miscellaneous System Information
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Dictionary mapping names accepted by :func:`confstr` to the integer values
|
Dictionary mapping names accepted by :func:`confstr` to the integer values
|
||||||
defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to
|
defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to
|
||||||
determine the set of names known to the system. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
determine the set of names known to the system. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. function:: getloadavg()
|
.. function:: getloadavg()
|
||||||
|
@ -2049,14 +2047,14 @@ Miscellaneous System Information
|
||||||
specified by *name* isn't defined, ``-1`` is returned. The comments regarding
|
specified by *name* isn't defined, ``-1`` is returned. The comments regarding
|
||||||
the *name* parameter for :func:`confstr` apply here as well; the dictionary that
|
the *name* parameter for :func:`confstr` apply here as well; the dictionary that
|
||||||
provides information on the known names is given by ``sysconf_names``.
|
provides information on the known names is given by ``sysconf_names``.
|
||||||
Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: sysconf_names
|
.. data:: sysconf_names
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Dictionary mapping names accepted by :func:`sysconf` to the integer values
|
Dictionary mapping names accepted by :func:`sysconf` to the integer values
|
||||||
defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to
|
defined for those names by the host operating system. This can be used to
|
||||||
determine the set of names known to the system. Availability: Macintosh, Unix.
|
determine the set of names known to the system. Availability: Unix.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The following data values are used to support path manipulation operations. These
|
The following data values are used to support path manipulation operations. These
|
||||||
are defined for all platforms.
|
are defined for all platforms.
|
||||||
|
@ -2067,22 +2065,22 @@ Higher-level operations on pathnames are defined in the :mod:`os.path` module.
|
||||||
.. data:: curdir
|
.. data:: curdir
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The constant string used by the operating system to refer to the current
|
The constant string used by the operating system to refer to the current
|
||||||
directory. For example: ``'.'`` for POSIX or ``':'`` for Mac OS 9. Also
|
directory. This is ``'.'`` for Windows and POSIX. Also available via
|
||||||
available via :mod:`os.path`.
|
:mod:`os.path`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: pardir
|
.. data:: pardir
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The constant string used by the operating system to refer to the parent
|
The constant string used by the operating system to refer to the parent
|
||||||
directory. For example: ``'..'`` for POSIX or ``'::'`` for Mac OS 9. Also
|
directory. This is ``'..'`` for Windows and POSIX. Also available via
|
||||||
available via :mod:`os.path`.
|
:mod:`os.path`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: sep
|
.. data:: sep
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The character used by the operating system to separate pathname components, for
|
The character used by the operating system to separate pathname components.
|
||||||
example, ``'/'`` for POSIX or ``':'`` for Mac OS 9. Note that knowing this is
|
This is ``'/'`` for POSIX and ``'\\'`` for Windows. Note that knowing this
|
||||||
not sufficient to be able to parse or concatenate pathnames --- use
|
is not sufficient to be able to parse or concatenate pathnames --- use
|
||||||
:func:`os.path.split` and :func:`os.path.join` --- but it is occasionally
|
:func:`os.path.split` and :func:`os.path.join` --- but it is occasionally
|
||||||
useful. Also available via :mod:`os.path`.
|
useful. Also available via :mod:`os.path`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -2119,16 +2117,16 @@ Higher-level operations on pathnames are defined in the :mod:`os.path` module.
|
||||||
.. data:: linesep
|
.. data:: linesep
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The string used to separate (or, rather, terminate) lines on the current
|
The string used to separate (or, rather, terminate) lines on the current
|
||||||
platform. This may be a single character, such as ``'\n'`` for POSIX or
|
platform. This may be a single character, such as ``'\n'`` for POSIX, or
|
||||||
``'\r'`` for Mac OS, or multiple characters, for example, ``'\r\n'`` for
|
multiple characters, for example, ``'\r\n'`` for Windows. Do not use
|
||||||
Windows. Do not use *os.linesep* as a line terminator when writing files opened
|
*os.linesep* as a line terminator when writing files opened in text mode (the
|
||||||
in text mode (the default); use a single ``'\n'`` instead, on all platforms.
|
default); use a single ``'\n'`` instead, on all platforms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. data:: devnull
|
.. data:: devnull
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The file path of the null device. For example: ``'/dev/null'`` for POSIX or
|
The file path of the null device. For example: ``'/dev/null'`` for POSIX.
|
||||||
``'Dev:Nul'`` for Mac OS 9. Also available via :mod:`os.path`.
|
Also available via :mod:`os.path`.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. versionadded:: 2.4
|
.. versionadded:: 2.4
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||||
:mod:`plistlib` --- Generate and parse MacOS X ``.plist`` files
|
:mod:`plistlib` --- Generate and parse Mac OS X ``.plist`` files
|
||||||
===============================================================
|
================================================================
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. module:: plistlib
|
.. module:: plistlib
|
||||||
:synopsis: Generate and parse MacOS X plist files.
|
:synopsis: Generate and parse Mac OS X plist files.
|
||||||
.. moduleauthor:: Jack Jansen
|
.. moduleauthor:: Jack Jansen
|
||||||
.. sectionauthor:: Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
|
.. sectionauthor:: Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
|
||||||
.. (harvested from docstrings in the original file)
|
.. (harvested from docstrings in the original file)
|
||||||
|
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
|
||||||
single: property list
|
single: property list
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This module provides an interface for reading and writing the "property list"
|
This module provides an interface for reading and writing the "property list"
|
||||||
XML files used mainly by MacOS X.
|
XML files used mainly by Mac OS X.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The property list (``.plist``) file format is a simple XML pickle supporting
|
The property list (``.plist``) file format is a simple XML pickle supporting
|
||||||
basic object types, like dictionaries, lists, numbers and strings. Usually the
|
basic object types, like dictionaries, lists, numbers and strings. Usually the
|
||||||
|
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ This module defines the following functions:
|
||||||
.. function:: readPlistFromResource(path[, restype='plst'[, resid=0]])
|
.. function:: readPlistFromResource(path[, restype='plst'[, resid=0]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Read a plist from the resource with type *restype* from the resource fork of
|
Read a plist from the resource with type *restype* from the resource fork of
|
||||||
*path*. Availability: MacOS X.
|
*path*. Availability: Mac OS X.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. warning::
|
.. warning::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ This module defines the following functions:
|
||||||
.. function:: writePlistToResource(rootObject, path[, restype='plst'[, resid=0]])
|
.. function:: writePlistToResource(rootObject, path[, restype='plst'[, resid=0]])
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Write *rootObject* as a resource with type *restype* to the resource fork of
|
Write *rootObject* as a resource with type *restype* to the resource fork of
|
||||||
*path*. Availability: MacOS X.
|
*path*. Availability: Mac OS X.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. warning::
|
.. warning::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ copying and removal. For operations on individual files, see also the
|
||||||
can't copy all file metadata.
|
can't copy all file metadata.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well
|
On POSIX platforms, this means that file owner and group are lost as well
|
||||||
as ACLs. On MacOS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used.
|
as ACLs. On Mac OS, the resource fork and other metadata are not used.
|
||||||
This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will
|
This means that resources will be lost and file type and creator codes will
|
||||||
not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams
|
not be correct. On Windows, file owners, ACLs and alternate data streams
|
||||||
are not copied.
|
are not copied.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ The :mod:`signal` module defines the following functions:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Change system call restart behaviour: if *flag* is :const:`False`, system calls
|
Change system call restart behaviour: if *flag* is :const:`False`, system calls
|
||||||
will be restarted when interrupted by signal *signalnum*, otherwise system calls will
|
will be restarted when interrupted by signal *signalnum*, otherwise system calls will
|
||||||
be interrupted. Returns nothing. Availability: Unix, Mac (see the man page
|
be interrupted. Returns nothing. Availability: Unix (see the man page
|
||||||
:manpage:`siginterrupt(3)` for further information).
|
:manpage:`siginterrupt(3)` for further information).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Note that installing a signal handler with :func:`signal` will reset the restart
|
Note that installing a signal handler with :func:`signal` will reset the restart
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ This module defines one class called :class:`Popen`:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If *universal_newlines* is :const:`True`, the file objects stdout and stderr are
|
If *universal_newlines* is :const:`True`, the file objects stdout and stderr are
|
||||||
opened as text files, but lines may be terminated by any of ``'\n'``, the Unix
|
opened as text files, but lines may be terminated by any of ``'\n'``, the Unix
|
||||||
end-of-line convention, ``'\r'``, the Macintosh convention or ``'\r\n'``, the
|
end-of-line convention, ``'\r'``, the old Macintosh convention or ``'\r\n'``, the
|
||||||
Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as ``'\n'``
|
Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as ``'\n'``
|
||||||
by the Python program.
|
by the Python program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -582,8 +582,8 @@ always available.
|
||||||
================ ===========================
|
================ ===========================
|
||||||
Windows ``'win32'``
|
Windows ``'win32'``
|
||||||
Windows/Cygwin ``'cygwin'``
|
Windows/Cygwin ``'cygwin'``
|
||||||
MacOS X ``'darwin'``
|
Mac OS X ``'darwin'``
|
||||||
MacOS 9 ``'mac'``
|
Mac OS 9 ``'mac'``
|
||||||
OS/2 ``'os2'``
|
OS/2 ``'os2'``
|
||||||
OS/2 EMX ``'os2emx'``
|
OS/2 EMX ``'os2emx'``
|
||||||
RiscOS ``'riscos'``
|
RiscOS ``'riscos'``
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* The precision of the various real-time functions may be less than suggested by
|
* The precision of the various real-time functions may be less than suggested by
|
||||||
the units in which their value or argument is expressed. E.g. on most Unix
|
the units in which their value or argument is expressed. E.g. on most Unix
|
||||||
systems, the clock "ticks" only 50 or 100 times a second, and on the Mac, times
|
systems, the clock "ticks" only 50 or 100 times a second.
|
||||||
are only accurate to whole seconds.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* On the other hand, the precision of :func:`time` and :func:`sleep` is better
|
* On the other hand, the precision of :func:`time` and :func:`sleep` is better
|
||||||
than their Unix equivalents: times are expressed as floating point numbers,
|
than their Unix equivalents: times are expressed as floating point numbers,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The :mod:`Tkinter` module ("Tk interface") is the standard Python interface to
|
The :mod:`Tkinter` module ("Tk interface") is the standard Python interface to
|
||||||
the Tk GUI toolkit. Both Tk and :mod:`Tkinter` are available on most Unix
|
the Tk GUI toolkit. Both Tk and :mod:`Tkinter` are available on most Unix
|
||||||
platforms, as well as on Windows and Macintosh systems. (Tk itself is not part
|
platforms, as well as on Windows systems. (Tk itself is not part of Python; it
|
||||||
of Python; it is maintained at ActiveState.)
|
is maintained at ActiveState.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. note::
|
.. note::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ Notes:
|
||||||
Only on Windows platforms.
|
Only on Windows platforms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(3)
|
(3)
|
||||||
Only on MacOS platforms; requires the standard MacPython :mod:`ic` module.
|
Only on Mac OS platforms; requires the standard MacPython :mod:`ic` module.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(4)
|
(4)
|
||||||
Only on MacOS X platform.
|
Only on Mac OS X platform.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Here are some simple examples::
|
Here are some simple examples::
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Physical lines
|
||||||
A physical line is a sequence of characters terminated by an end-of-line
|
A physical line is a sequence of characters terminated by an end-of-line
|
||||||
sequence. In source files, any of the standard platform line termination
|
sequence. In source files, any of the standard platform line termination
|
||||||
sequences can be used - the Unix form using ASCII LF (linefeed), the Windows
|
sequences can be used - the Unix form using ASCII LF (linefeed), the Windows
|
||||||
form using the ASCII sequence CR LF (return followed by linefeed), or the
|
form using the ASCII sequence CR LF (return followed by linefeed), or the old
|
||||||
Macintosh form using the ASCII CR (return) character. All of these forms can be
|
Macintosh form using the ASCII CR (return) character. All of these forms can be
|
||||||
used equally, regardless of platform.
|
used equally, regardless of platform.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ You could write a Unix shell script or Windows batch files for some of these
|
||||||
tasks, but shell scripts are best at moving around files and changing text data,
|
tasks, but shell scripts are best at moving around files and changing text data,
|
||||||
not well-suited for GUI applications or games. You could write a C/C++/Java
|
not well-suited for GUI applications or games. You could write a C/C++/Java
|
||||||
program, but it can take a lot of development time to get even a first-draft
|
program, but it can take a lot of development time to get even a first-draft
|
||||||
program. Python is simpler to use, available on Windows, MacOS X, and Unix
|
program. Python is simpler to use, available on Windows, Mac OS X, and Unix
|
||||||
operating systems, and will help you get the job done more quickly.
|
operating systems, and will help you get the job done more quickly.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Python is simple to use, but it is a real programming language, offering much
|
Python is simple to use, but it is a real programming language, offering much
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -237,15 +237,15 @@ automatically added to the end. ``'r+'`` opens the file for both reading and
|
||||||
writing. The *mode* argument is optional; ``'r'`` will be assumed if it's
|
writing. The *mode* argument is optional; ``'r'`` will be assumed if it's
|
||||||
omitted.
|
omitted.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
On Windows and the Macintosh, ``'b'`` appended to the mode opens the file in
|
On Windows, ``'b'`` appended to the mode opens the file in binary mode, so there
|
||||||
binary mode, so there are also modes like ``'rb'``, ``'wb'``, and ``'r+b'``.
|
are also modes like ``'rb'``, ``'wb'``, and ``'r+b'``. Windows makes a
|
||||||
Windows makes a distinction between text and binary files; the end-of-line
|
distinction between text and binary files; the end-of-line characters in text
|
||||||
characters in text files are automatically altered slightly when data is read or
|
files are automatically altered slightly when data is read or written. This
|
||||||
written. This behind-the-scenes modification to file data is fine for ASCII
|
behind-the-scenes modification to file data is fine for ASCII text files, but
|
||||||
text files, but it'll corrupt binary data like that in :file:`JPEG` or
|
it'll corrupt binary data like that in :file:`JPEG` or :file:`EXE` files. Be
|
||||||
:file:`EXE` files. Be very careful to use binary mode when reading and writing
|
very careful to use binary mode when reading and writing such files. On Unix,
|
||||||
such files. On Unix, it doesn't hurt to append a ``'b'`` to the mode, so
|
it doesn't hurt to append a ``'b'`` to the mode, so you can use it
|
||||||
you can use it platform-independently for all binary files.
|
platform-independently for all binary files.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. _tut-filemethods:
|
.. _tut-filemethods:
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -157,9 +157,9 @@ shell scripts, by putting the line ::
|
||||||
(assuming that the interpreter is on the user's :envvar:`PATH`) at the beginning
|
(assuming that the interpreter is on the user's :envvar:`PATH`) at the beginning
|
||||||
of the script and giving the file an executable mode. The ``#!`` must be the
|
of the script and giving the file an executable mode. The ``#!`` must be the
|
||||||
first two characters of the file. On some platforms, this first line must end
|
first two characters of the file. On some platforms, this first line must end
|
||||||
with a Unix-style line ending (``'\n'``), not a Mac OS (``'\r'``) or Windows
|
with a Unix-style line ending (``'\n'``), not a Windows (``'\r\n'``) line
|
||||||
(``'\r\n'``) line ending. Note that the hash, or pound, character, ``'#'``, is
|
ending. Note that the hash, or pound, character, ``'#'``, is used to start a
|
||||||
used to start a comment in Python.
|
comment in Python.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the
|
The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the
|
||||||
:program:`chmod` command::
|
:program:`chmod` command::
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ These environment variables influence Python's behavior.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If this environment variable is set, ``sys.argv[0]`` will be set to its
|
If this environment variable is set, ``sys.argv[0]`` will be set to its
|
||||||
value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on
|
value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on
|
||||||
MacOS X.
|
Mac OS X.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Debug-mode variables
|
Debug-mode variables
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -528,11 +528,11 @@ all users using a machine or a particular site installation.
|
||||||
Python 2.6 introduces a convention for user-specific site directories.
|
Python 2.6 introduces a convention for user-specific site directories.
|
||||||
The directory varies depending on the platform:
|
The directory varies depending on the platform:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Unix and MacOS: :file:`~/.local/`
|
* Unix and Mac OS X: :file:`~/.local/`
|
||||||
* Windows: :file:`%APPDATA%/Python`
|
* Windows: :file:`%APPDATA%/Python`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Within this directory, there will be version-specific subdirectories,
|
Within this directory, there will be version-specific subdirectories,
|
||||||
such as :file:`lib/python2.6/site-packages` on Unix/MacOS and
|
such as :file:`lib/python2.6/site-packages` on Unix/Mac OS and
|
||||||
:file:`Python26/site-packages` on Windows.
|
:file:`Python26/site-packages` on Windows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you don't like the default directory, it can be overridden by an
|
If you don't like the default directory, it can be overridden by an
|
||||||
|
@ -2784,12 +2784,12 @@ Ippolito.
|
||||||
The :mod:`plistlib` module: A Property-List Parser
|
The :mod:`plistlib` module: A Property-List Parser
|
||||||
--------------------------------------------------
|
--------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The ``.plist`` format is commonly used on MacOS X to
|
The ``.plist`` format is commonly used on Mac OS X to
|
||||||
store basic data types (numbers, strings, lists,
|
store basic data types (numbers, strings, lists,
|
||||||
and dictionaries) by serializing them into an XML-based format.
|
and dictionaries) by serializing them into an XML-based format.
|
||||||
It resembles the XML-RPC serialization of data types.
|
It resembles the XML-RPC serialization of data types.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Despite being primarily used on MacOS X, the format
|
Despite being primarily used on Mac OS X, the format
|
||||||
has nothing Mac-specific about it and the Python implementation works
|
has nothing Mac-specific about it and the Python implementation works
|
||||||
on any platform that Python supports, so the :mod:`plistlib` module
|
on any platform that Python supports, so the :mod:`plistlib` module
|
||||||
has been promoted to the standard library.
|
has been promoted to the standard library.
|
||||||
|
@ -2905,7 +2905,7 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
|
||||||
:file:`PCbuild` directory for the build files. (Implemented by
|
:file:`PCbuild` directory for the build files. (Implemented by
|
||||||
Christian Heimes.)
|
Christian Heimes.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* On MacOS X, Python 2.6 can be compiled as a 4-way universal build.
|
* On Mac OS X, Python 2.6 can be compiled as a 4-way universal build.
|
||||||
The :program:`configure` script
|
The :program:`configure` script
|
||||||
can take a :option:`--with-universal-archs=[32-bit|64-bit|all]`
|
can take a :option:`--with-universal-archs=[32-bit|64-bit|all]`
|
||||||
switch, controlling whether the binaries are built for 32-bit
|
switch, controlling whether the binaries are built for 32-bit
|
||||||
|
@ -3057,7 +3057,7 @@ Port-Specific Changes: Windows
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. ======================================================================
|
.. ======================================================================
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Port-Specific Changes: MacOS X
|
Port-Specific Changes: Mac OS X
|
||||||
-----------------------------------
|
-----------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* When compiling a framework build of Python, you can now specify the
|
* When compiling a framework build of Python, you can now specify the
|
||||||
|
@ -3069,7 +3069,7 @@ Port-Specific Changes: MacOS X
|
||||||
:func:`macostools.touched` function to be removed because it depended on the
|
:func:`macostools.touched` function to be removed because it depended on the
|
||||||
:mod:`macfs` module. (:issue:`1490190`)
|
:mod:`macfs` module. (:issue:`1490190`)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Many other MacOS modules have been deprecated and will removed in
|
* Many other Mac OS modules have been deprecated and will removed in
|
||||||
Python 3.0:
|
Python 3.0:
|
||||||
:mod:`_builtinSuites`,
|
:mod:`_builtinSuites`,
|
||||||
:mod:`aepack`,
|
:mod:`aepack`,
|
||||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue