Methods are always bound, and `__self__` can no longer be `NULL`
(`method_new()` and `PyMethod_New()` both explicitly check for this).
Moreover, once a bound method is bound, it *stays* bound and won't be re-bound
to something else, so the section in the datamodel that talks about accessing
an methods in a different descriptor-binding context doesn't apply any more in
Python 3.
When `__getattr__` is implemented, attribute lookup will always fall back to that,
even if the initial failure comes from `__getattribute__` or a descriptor's `__get__`
method (including property methods).
Make it clear that setting __class__ on a module has worked since 3.5,
but support for __getattr__ and __dir__ on module instances requires 3.7+
Patch by Cheryl Sabella.
f_trace_lines: enable/disable line trace events
f_trace_opcodes: enable/disable opcode trace events
These are intended primarily for testing of the interpreter
itself, as they make it much easier to emulate signals
arriving at unfortunate times.
The data model section of the language reference was written well
before the zero-argument form of super() was added.
To avoid giving the impression that they're doing something
unusual, this updates the description of `__new__` and `__init__`
to use the zero-argument form.
Patch by Cheryl Sabella.
Builtin container types have two potential link targets in the docs:
- their entry in the list of builtin callables
- their type documentation
This change brings `bytes` and `bytearray` into line with other
container types by having cross-references default to linking to
their type documentation, rather than their builtin callable entry.
Issue #28383: __hash__ documentation recommends naive XOR to combine but this
is suboptimal. Update the doc to suggest to reuse the hash() method using a
tuple, with an example.
Handling zero-argument super() in __init_subclass__ and
__set_name__ involved moving __class__ initialisation to
type.__new__. This requires cooperation from custom
metaclasses to ensure that the new __classcell__ entry
is passed along appropriately.
The initial implementation of that change resulted in abruptly
broken zero-argument super() support in metaclasses that didn't
adhere to the new requirements (such as Django's metaclass for
Model definitions).
The updated approach adopted here instead emits a deprecation
warning for those cases, and makes them work the same way they
did in Python 3.5.
This patch also improves the related class machinery documentation
to cover these details and to include more reader-friendly
cross-references and index entries.
Catherine Alvarado