linux/drivers/vfio/pci/vfio_pci.c

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 *     Author: Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * Derived from original vfio:
 * Copyright 2010 Cisco Systems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
 * Author: Tom Lyon, pugs@cisco.com
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/eventfd.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/iommu.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/notifier.h>
#include <linux/pci.h>
#include <linux/pm_runtime.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/vfio.h>
#include <linux/vgaarb.h>
#include <linux/nospec.h>

#include "vfio_pci_private.h"

#define DRIVER_VERSION  "0.2"
#define DRIVER_AUTHOR   "Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com>"
#define DRIVER_DESC     "VFIO PCI - User Level meta-driver"

static char ids[1024] __initdata;
module_param_string(ids, ids, sizeof(ids), 0);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(ids, "Initial PCI IDs to add to the vfio driver, format is \"vendor:device[:subvendor[:subdevice[:class[:class_mask]]]]\" and multiple comma separated entries can be specified");

static bool nointxmask;
module_param_named(nointxmask, nointxmask, bool, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(nointxmask,
		  "Disable support for PCI 2.3 style INTx masking.  If this resolves problems for specific devices, report lspci -vvvxxx to linux-pci@vger.kernel.org so the device can be fixed automatically via the broken_intx_masking flag.");

#ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_VGA
static bool disable_vga;
module_param(disable_vga, bool, S_IRUGO);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(disable_vga, "Disable VGA resource access through vfio-pci");
#endif

static bool disable_idle_d3;
module_param(disable_idle_d3, bool, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(disable_idle_d3,
		 "Disable using the PCI D3 low power state for idle, unused devices");

static inline bool vfio_vga_disabled(void)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_VGA
	return disable_vga;
#else
	return true;
#endif
}

/*
 * Our VGA arbiter participation is limited since we don't know anything
 * about the device itself.  However, if the device is the only VGA device
 * downstream of a bridge and VFIO VGA support is disabled, then we can
 * safely return legacy VGA IO and memory as not decoded since the user
 * has no way to get to it and routing can be disabled externally at the
 * bridge.
 */
static unsigned int vfio_pci_set_vga_decode(void *opaque, bool single_vga)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev = opaque;
	struct pci_dev *tmp = NULL, *pdev = vdev->pdev;
	unsigned char max_busnr;
	unsigned int decodes;

	if (single_vga || !vfio_vga_disabled() || pci_is_root_bus(pdev->bus))
		return VGA_RSRC_NORMAL_IO | VGA_RSRC_NORMAL_MEM |
		       VGA_RSRC_LEGACY_IO | VGA_RSRC_LEGACY_MEM;

	max_busnr = pci_bus_max_busnr(pdev->bus);
	decodes = VGA_RSRC_NORMAL_IO | VGA_RSRC_NORMAL_MEM;

	while ((tmp = pci_get_class(PCI_CLASS_DISPLAY_VGA << 8, tmp)) != NULL) {
		if (tmp == pdev ||
		    pci_domain_nr(tmp->bus) != pci_domain_nr(pdev->bus) ||
		    pci_is_root_bus(tmp->bus))
			continue;

		if (tmp->bus->number >= pdev->bus->number &&
		    tmp->bus->number <= max_busnr) {
			pci_dev_put(tmp);
			decodes |= VGA_RSRC_LEGACY_IO | VGA_RSRC_LEGACY_MEM;
			break;
		}
	}

	return decodes;
}

static inline bool vfio_pci_is_vga(struct pci_dev *pdev)
{
	return (pdev->class >> 8) == PCI_CLASS_DISPLAY_VGA;
}

static void vfio_pci_probe_mmaps(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev)
{
	struct resource *res;
	int bar;
	struct vfio_pci_dummy_resource *dummy_res;

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vdev->dummy_resources_list);

	for (bar = PCI_STD_RESOURCES; bar <= PCI_STD_RESOURCE_END; bar++) {
		res = vdev->pdev->resource + bar;

		if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_MMAP))
			goto no_mmap;

		if (!(res->flags & IORESOURCE_MEM))
			goto no_mmap;

		/*
		 * The PCI core shouldn't set up a resource with a
		 * type but zero size. But there may be bugs that
		 * cause us to do that.
		 */
		if (!resource_size(res))
			goto no_mmap;

		if (resource_size(res) >= PAGE_SIZE) {
			vdev->bar_mmap_supported[bar] = true;
			continue;
		}

		if (!(res->start & ~PAGE_MASK)) {
			/*
			 * Add a dummy resource to reserve the remainder
			 * of the exclusive page in case that hot-add
			 * device's bar is assigned into it.
			 */
			dummy_res = kzalloc(sizeof(*dummy_res), GFP_KERNEL);
			if (dummy_res == NULL)
				goto no_mmap;

			dummy_res->resource.name = "vfio sub-page reserved";
			dummy_res->resource.start = res->end + 1;
			dummy_res->resource.end = res->start + PAGE_SIZE - 1;
			dummy_res->resource.flags = res->flags;
			if (request_resource(res->parent,
						&dummy_res->resource)) {
				kfree(dummy_res);
				goto no_mmap;
			}
			dummy_res->index = bar;
			list_add(&dummy_res->res_next,
					&vdev->dummy_resources_list);
			vdev->bar_mmap_supported[bar] = true;
			continue;
		}
		/*
		 * Here we don't handle the case when the BAR is not page
		 * aligned because we can't expect the BAR will be
		 * assigned into the same location in a page in guest
		 * when we passthrough the BAR. And it's hard to access
		 * this BAR in userspace because we have no way to get
		 * the BAR's location in a page.
		 */
no_mmap:
		vdev->bar_mmap_supported[bar] = false;
	}
}

static void vfio_pci_try_bus_reset(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev);
static void vfio_pci_disable(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev);

/*
 * INTx masking requires the ability to disable INTx signaling via PCI_COMMAND
 * _and_ the ability detect when the device is asserting INTx via PCI_STATUS.
 * If a device implements the former but not the latter we would typically
 * expect broken_intx_masking be set and require an exclusive interrupt.
 * However since we do have control of the device's ability to assert INTx,
 * we can instead pretend that the device does not implement INTx, virtualizing
 * the pin register to report zero and maintaining DisINTx set on the host.
 */
static bool vfio_pci_nointx(struct pci_dev *pdev)
{
	switch (pdev->vendor) {
	case PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL:
		switch (pdev->device) {
		/* All i40e (XL710/X710/XXV710) 10/20/25/40GbE NICs */
		case 0x1572:
		case 0x1574:
		case 0x1580 ... 0x1581:
		case 0x1583 ... 0x158b:
		case 0x37d0 ... 0x37d2:
			return true;
		default:
			return false;
		}
	}

	return false;
}

static int vfio_pci_enable(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev)
{
	struct pci_dev *pdev = vdev->pdev;
	int ret;
	u16 cmd;
	u8 msix_pos;

	pci_set_power_state(pdev, PCI_D0);

	/* Don't allow our initial saved state to include busmaster */
	pci_clear_master(pdev);

	ret = pci_enable_device(pdev);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	/* If reset fails because of the device lock, fail this path entirely */
	ret = pci_try_reset_function(pdev);
	if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
		pci_disable_device(pdev);
		return ret;
	}

	vdev->reset_works = !ret;
	pci_save_state(pdev);
	vdev->pci_saved_state = pci_store_saved_state(pdev);
	if (!vdev->pci_saved_state)
		pr_debug("%s: Couldn't store %s saved state\n",
			 __func__, dev_name(&pdev->dev));

	if (likely(!nointxmask)) {
		if (vfio_pci_nointx(pdev)) {
			dev_info(&pdev->dev, "Masking broken INTx support\n");
			vdev->nointx = true;
			pci_intx(pdev, 0);
		} else
			vdev->pci_2_3 = pci_intx_mask_supported(pdev);
	}

	pci_read_config_word(pdev, PCI_COMMAND, &cmd);
	if (vdev->pci_2_3 && (cmd & PCI_COMMAND_INTX_DISABLE)) {
		cmd &= ~PCI_COMMAND_INTX_DISABLE;
		pci_write_config_word(pdev, PCI_COMMAND, cmd);
	}

	ret = vfio_config_init(vdev);
	if (ret) {
		kfree(vdev->pci_saved_state);
		vdev->pci_saved_state = NULL;
		pci_disable_device(pdev);
		return ret;
	}

	msix_pos = pdev->msix_cap;
	if (msix_pos) {
		u16 flags;
		u32 table;

		pci_read_config_word(pdev, msix_pos + PCI_MSIX_FLAGS, &flags);
		pci_read_config_dword(pdev, msix_pos + PCI_MSIX_TABLE, &table);

		vdev->msix_bar = table & PCI_MSIX_TABLE_BIR;
		vdev->msix_offset = table & PCI_MSIX_TABLE_OFFSET;
		vdev->msix_size = ((flags & PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_QSIZE) + 1) * 16;
	} else
		vdev->msix_bar = 0xFF;

	if (!vfio_vga_disabled() && vfio_pci_is_vga(pdev))
		vdev->has_vga = true;


	if (vfio_pci_is_vga(pdev) &&
	    pdev->vendor == PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL &&
	    IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_IGD)) {
		ret = vfio_pci_igd_init(vdev);
		if (ret) {
			dev_warn(&vdev->pdev->dev,
				 "Failed to setup Intel IGD regions\n");
			goto disable_exit;
		}
	}

	if (pdev->vendor == PCI_VENDOR_ID_NVIDIA &&
	    IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_NVLINK2)) {
		ret = vfio_pci_nvdia_v100_nvlink2_init(vdev);
		if (ret && ret != -ENODEV) {
			dev_warn(&vdev->pdev->dev,
				 "Failed to setup NVIDIA NV2 RAM region\n");
			goto disable_exit;
		}
	}

	if (pdev->vendor == PCI_VENDOR_ID_IBM &&
	    IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_NVLINK2)) {
		ret = vfio_pci_ibm_npu2_init(vdev);
		if (ret && ret != -ENODEV) {
			dev_warn(&vdev->pdev->dev,
					"Failed to setup NVIDIA NV2 ATSD region\n");
			goto disable_exit;
		}
	}

	vfio_pci_probe_mmaps(vdev);

	return 0;

disable_exit:
	vfio_pci_disable(vdev);
	return ret;
}

static void vfio_pci_disable(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev)
{
	struct pci_dev *pdev = vdev->pdev;
	struct vfio_pci_dummy_resource *dummy_res, *tmp;
	struct vfio_pci_ioeventfd *ioeventfd, *ioeventfd_tmp;
	int i, bar;

	/* Stop the device from further DMA */
	pci_clear_master(pdev);

	vfio_pci_set_irqs_ioctl(vdev, VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE |
				VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER,
				vdev->irq_type, 0, 0, NULL);

	/* Device closed, don't need mutex here */
	list_for_each_entry_safe(ioeventfd, ioeventfd_tmp,
				 &vdev->ioeventfds_list, next) {
		vfio_virqfd_disable(&ioeventfd->virqfd);
		list_del(&ioeventfd->next);
		kfree(ioeventfd);
	}
	vdev->ioeventfds_nr = 0;

	vdev->virq_disabled = false;

	for (i = 0; i < vdev->num_regions; i++)
		vdev->region[i].ops->release(vdev, &vdev->region[i]);

	vdev->num_regions = 0;
	kfree(vdev->region);
	vdev->region = NULL; /* don't krealloc a freed pointer */

	vfio_config_free(vdev);

	for (bar = PCI_STD_RESOURCES; bar <= PCI_STD_RESOURCE_END; bar++) {
		if (!vdev->barmap[bar])
			continue;
		pci_iounmap(pdev, vdev->barmap[bar]);
		pci_release_selected_regions(pdev, 1 << bar);
		vdev->barmap[bar] = NULL;
	}

	list_for_each_entry_safe(dummy_res, tmp,
				 &vdev->dummy_resources_list, res_next) {
		list_del(&dummy_res->res_next);
		release_resource(&dummy_res->resource);
		kfree(dummy_res);
	}

	vdev->needs_reset = true;

	/*
	 * If we have saved state, restore it.  If we can reset the device,
	 * even better.  Resetting with current state seems better than
	 * nothing, but saving and restoring current state without reset
	 * is just busy work.
	 */
	if (pci_load_and_free_saved_state(pdev, &vdev->pci_saved_state)) {
		pr_info("%s: Couldn't reload %s saved state\n",
			__func__, dev_name(&pdev->dev));

		if (!vdev->reset_works)
			goto out;

		pci_save_state(pdev);
	}

	/*
	 * Disable INTx and MSI, presumably to avoid spurious interrupts
	 * during reset.  Stolen from pci_reset_function()
	 */
	pci_write_config_word(pdev, PCI_COMMAND, PCI_COMMAND_INTX_DISABLE);

	/*
	 * Try to reset the device.  The success of this is dependent on
	 * being able to lock the device, which is not always possible.
	 */
	if (vdev->reset_works && !pci_try_reset_function(pdev))
		vdev->needs_reset = false;

	pci_restore_state(pdev);
out:
	pci_disable_device(pdev);

	vfio_pci_try_bus_reset(vdev);

	if (!disable_idle_d3)
		pci_set_power_state(pdev, PCI_D3hot);
}

static void vfio_pci_release(void *device_data)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev = device_data;

	mutex_lock(&vdev->reflck->lock);

	if (!(--vdev->refcnt)) {
		vfio_spapr_pci_eeh_release(vdev->pdev);
		vfio_pci_disable(vdev);
	}

	mutex_unlock(&vdev->reflck->lock);

	module_put(THIS_MODULE);
}

static int vfio_pci_open(void *device_data)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev = device_data;
	int ret = 0;

	if (!try_module_get(THIS_MODULE))
		return -ENODEV;

	mutex_lock(&vdev->reflck->lock);

	if (!vdev->refcnt) {
		ret = vfio_pci_enable(vdev);
		if (ret)
			goto error;

		vfio_spapr_pci_eeh_open(vdev->pdev);
	}
	vdev->refcnt++;
error:
	mutex_unlock(&vdev->reflck->lock);
	if (ret)
		module_put(THIS_MODULE);
	return ret;
}

static int vfio_pci_get_irq_count(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev, int irq_type)
{
	if (irq_type == VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX) {
		u8 pin;

		if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_VFIO_PCI_INTX) ||
		    vdev->nointx || vdev->pdev->is_virtfn)
			return 0;

		pci_read_config_byte(vdev->pdev, PCI_INTERRUPT_PIN, &pin);

		return pin ? 1 : 0;
	} else if (irq_type == VFIO_PCI_MSI_IRQ_INDEX) {
		u8 pos;
		u16 flags;

		pos = vdev->pdev->msi_cap;
		if (pos) {
			pci_read_config_word(vdev->pdev,
					     pos + PCI_MSI_FLAGS, &flags);
			return 1 << ((flags & PCI_MSI_FLAGS_QMASK) >> 1);
		}
	} else if (irq_type == VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX) {
		u8 pos;
		u16 flags;

		pos = vdev->pdev->msix_cap;
		if (pos) {
			pci_read_config_word(vdev->pdev,
					     pos + PCI_MSIX_FLAGS, &flags);

			return (flags & PCI_MSIX_FLAGS_QSIZE) + 1;
		}
	} else if (irq_type == VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX) {
		if (pci_is_pcie(vdev->pdev))
			return 1;
	} else if (irq_type == VFIO_PCI_REQ_IRQ_INDEX) {
		return 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int vfio_pci_count_devs(struct pci_dev *pdev, void *data)
{
	(*(int *)data)++;
	return 0;
}

struct vfio_pci_fill_info {
	int max;
	int cur;
	struct vfio_pci_dependent_device *devices;
};

static int vfio_pci_fill_devs(struct pci_dev *pdev, void *data)
{
	struct vfio_pci_fill_info *fill = data;
	struct iommu_group *iommu_group;

	if (fill->cur == fill->max)
		return -EAGAIN; /* Something changed, try again */

	iommu_group = iommu_group_get(&pdev->dev);
	if (!iommu_group)
		return -EPERM; /* Cannot reset non-isolated devices */

	fill->devices[fill->cur].group_id = iommu_group_id(iommu_group);
	fill->devices[fill->cur].segment = pci_domain_nr(pdev->bus);
	fill->devices[fill->cur].bus = pdev->bus->number;
	fill->devices[fill->cur].devfn = pdev->devfn;
	fill->cur++;
	iommu_group_put(iommu_group);
	return 0;
}

struct vfio_pci_group_entry {
	struct vfio_group *group;
	int id;
};

struct vfio_pci_group_info {
	int count;
	struct vfio_pci_group_entry *groups;
};

static int vfio_pci_validate_devs(struct pci_dev *pdev, void *data)
{
	struct vfio_pci_group_info *info = data;
	struct iommu_group *group;
	int id, i;

	group = iommu_group_get(&pdev->dev);
	if (!group)
		return -EPERM;

	id = iommu_group_id(group);

	for (i = 0; i < info->count; i++)
		if (info->groups[i].id == id)
			break;

	iommu_group_put(group);

	return (i == info->count) ? -EINVAL : 0;
}

static bool vfio_pci_dev_below_slot(struct pci_dev *pdev, struct pci_slot *slot)
{
	for (; pdev; pdev = pdev->bus->self)
		if (pdev->bus == slot->bus)
			return (pdev->slot == slot);
	return false;
}

struct vfio_pci_walk_info {
	int (*fn)(struct pci_dev *, void *data);
	void *data;
	struct pci_dev *pdev;
	bool slot;
	int ret;
};

static int vfio_pci_walk_wrapper(struct pci_dev *pdev, void *data)
{
	struct vfio_pci_walk_info *walk = data;

	if (!walk->slot || vfio_pci_dev_below_slot(pdev, walk->pdev->slot))
		walk->ret = walk->fn(pdev, walk->data);

	return walk->ret;
}

static int vfio_pci_for_each_slot_or_bus(struct pci_dev *pdev,
					 int (*fn)(struct pci_dev *,
						   void *data), void *data,
					 bool slot)
{
	struct vfio_pci_walk_info walk = {
		.fn = fn, .data = data, .pdev = pdev, .slot = slot, .ret = 0,
	};

	pci_walk_bus(pdev->bus, vfio_pci_walk_wrapper, &walk);

	return walk.ret;
}

static int msix_mmappable_cap(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev,
			      struct vfio_info_cap *caps)
{
	struct vfio_info_cap_header header = {
		.id = VFIO_REGION_INFO_CAP_MSIX_MAPPABLE,
		.version = 1
	};

	return vfio_info_add_capability(caps, &header, sizeof(header));
}

int vfio_pci_register_dev_region(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev,
				 unsigned int type, unsigned int subtype,
				 const struct vfio_pci_regops *ops,
				 size_t size, u32 flags, void *data)
{
	struct vfio_pci_region *region;

	region = krealloc(vdev->region,
			  (vdev->num_regions + 1) * sizeof(*region),
			  GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!region)
		return -ENOMEM;

	vdev->region = region;
	vdev->region[vdev->num_regions].type = type;
	vdev->region[vdev->num_regions].subtype = subtype;
	vdev->region[vdev->num_regions].ops = ops;
	vdev->region[vdev->num_regions].size = size;
	vdev->region[vdev->num_regions].flags = flags;
	vdev->region[vdev->num_regions].data = data;

	vdev->num_regions++;

	return 0;
}

static long vfio_pci_ioctl(void *device_data,
			   unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev = device_data;
	unsigned long minsz;

	if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_GET_INFO) {
		struct vfio_device_info info;

		minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_device_info, num_irqs);

		if (copy_from_user(&info, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
			return -EFAULT;

		if (info.argsz < minsz)
			return -EINVAL;

		info.flags = VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_PCI;

		if (vdev->reset_works)
			info.flags |= VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_RESET;

		info.num_regions = VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS + vdev->num_regions;
		info.num_irqs = VFIO_PCI_NUM_IRQS;

		return copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &info, minsz) ?
			-EFAULT : 0;

	} else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO) {
		struct pci_dev *pdev = vdev->pdev;
		struct vfio_region_info info;
		struct vfio_info_cap caps = { .buf = NULL, .size = 0 };
		int i, ret;

		minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_region_info, offset);

		if (copy_from_user(&info, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
			return -EFAULT;

		if (info.argsz < minsz)
			return -EINVAL;

		switch (info.index) {
		case VFIO_PCI_CONFIG_REGION_INDEX:
			info.offset = VFIO_PCI_INDEX_TO_OFFSET(info.index);
			info.size = pdev->cfg_size;
			info.flags = VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ |
				     VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE;
			break;
		case VFIO_PCI_BAR0_REGION_INDEX ... VFIO_PCI_BAR5_REGION_INDEX:
			info.offset = VFIO_PCI_INDEX_TO_OFFSET(info.index);
			info.size = pci_resource_len(pdev, info.index);
			if (!info.size) {
				info.flags = 0;
				break;
			}

			info.flags = VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ |
				     VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE;
			if (vdev->bar_mmap_supported[info.index]) {
				info.flags |= VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_MMAP;
				if (info.index == vdev->msix_bar) {
					ret = msix_mmappable_cap(vdev, &caps);
					if (ret)
						return ret;
				}
			}

			break;
		case VFIO_PCI_ROM_REGION_INDEX:
		{
			void __iomem *io;
			size_t size;

			info.offset = VFIO_PCI_INDEX_TO_OFFSET(info.index);
			info.flags = 0;

			/* Report the BAR size, not the ROM size */
			info.size = pci_resource_len(pdev, info.index);
			if (!info.size) {
				/* Shadow ROMs appear as PCI option ROMs */
				if (pdev->resource[PCI_ROM_RESOURCE].flags &
							IORESOURCE_ROM_SHADOW)
					info.size = 0x20000;
				else
					break;
			}

			/* Is it really there? */
			io = pci_map_rom(pdev, &size);
			if (!io || !size) {
				info.size = 0;
				break;
			}
			pci_unmap_rom(pdev, io);

			info.flags = VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ;
			break;
		}
		case VFIO_PCI_VGA_REGION_INDEX:
			if (!vdev->has_vga)
				return -EINVAL;

			info.offset = VFIO_PCI_INDEX_TO_OFFSET(info.index);
			info.size = 0xc0000;
			info.flags = VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ |
				     VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE;

			break;
		default:
		{
			struct vfio_region_info_cap_type cap_type = {
					.header.id = VFIO_REGION_INFO_CAP_TYPE,
					.header.version = 1 };

			if (info.index >=
			    VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS + vdev->num_regions)
				return -EINVAL;
			info.index = array_index_nospec(info.index,
							VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS +
							vdev->num_regions);

			i = info.index - VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS;

			info.offset = VFIO_PCI_INDEX_TO_OFFSET(info.index);
			info.size = vdev->region[i].size;
			info.flags = vdev->region[i].flags;

			cap_type.type = vdev->region[i].type;
			cap_type.subtype = vdev->region[i].subtype;

			ret = vfio_info_add_capability(&caps, &cap_type.header,
						       sizeof(cap_type));
			if (ret)
				return ret;

			if (vdev->region[i].ops->add_capability) {
				ret = vdev->region[i].ops->add_capability(vdev,
						&vdev->region[i], &caps);
				if (ret)
					return ret;
			}
		}
		}

		if (caps.size) {
			info.flags |= VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_CAPS;
			if (info.argsz < sizeof(info) + caps.size) {
				info.argsz = sizeof(info) + caps.size;
				info.cap_offset = 0;
			} else {
				vfio_info_cap_shift(&caps, sizeof(info));
				if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg +
						  sizeof(info), caps.buf,
						  caps.size)) {
					kfree(caps.buf);
					return -EFAULT;
				}
				info.cap_offset = sizeof(info);
			}

			kfree(caps.buf);
		}

		return copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &info, minsz) ?
			-EFAULT : 0;

	} else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_GET_IRQ_INFO) {
		struct vfio_irq_info info;

		minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_irq_info, count);

		if (copy_from_user(&info, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
			return -EFAULT;

		if (info.argsz < minsz || info.index >= VFIO_PCI_NUM_IRQS)
			return -EINVAL;

		switch (info.index) {
		case VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX ... VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX:
		case VFIO_PCI_REQ_IRQ_INDEX:
			break;
		case VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX:
			if (pci_is_pcie(vdev->pdev))
				break;
		/* fall through */
		default:
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		info.flags = VFIO_IRQ_INFO_EVENTFD;

		info.count = vfio_pci_get_irq_count(vdev, info.index);

		if (info.index == VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX)
			info.flags |= (VFIO_IRQ_INFO_MASKABLE |
				       VFIO_IRQ_INFO_AUTOMASKED);
		else
			info.flags |= VFIO_IRQ_INFO_NORESIZE;

		return copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &info, minsz) ?
			-EFAULT : 0;

	} else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS) {
		struct vfio_irq_set hdr;
		u8 *data = NULL;
		int max, ret = 0;
		size_t data_size = 0;

		minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_irq_set, count);

		if (copy_from_user(&hdr, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
			return -EFAULT;

		max = vfio_pci_get_irq_count(vdev, hdr.index);

		ret = vfio_set_irqs_validate_and_prepare(&hdr, max,
						 VFIO_PCI_NUM_IRQS, &data_size);
		if (ret)
			return ret;

		if (data_size) {
			data = memdup_user((void __user *)(arg + minsz),
					    data_size);
			if (IS_ERR(data))
				return PTR_ERR(data);
		}

		mutex_lock(&vdev->igate);

		ret = vfio_pci_set_irqs_ioctl(vdev, hdr.flags, hdr.index,
					      hdr.start, hdr.count, data);

		mutex_unlock(&vdev->igate);
		kfree(data);

		return ret;

	} else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_RESET) {
		return vdev->reset_works ?
			pci_try_reset_function(vdev->pdev) : -EINVAL;

	} else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_GET_PCI_HOT_RESET_INFO) {
		struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info hdr;
		struct vfio_pci_fill_info fill = { 0 };
		struct vfio_pci_dependent_device *devices = NULL;
		bool slot = false;
		int ret = 0;

		minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_pci_hot_reset_info, count);

		if (copy_from_user(&hdr, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
			return -EFAULT;

		if (hdr.argsz < minsz)
			return -EINVAL;

		hdr.flags = 0;

		/* Can we do a slot or bus reset or neither? */
		if (!pci_probe_reset_slot(vdev->pdev->slot))
			slot = true;
		else if (pci_probe_reset_bus(vdev->pdev->bus))
			return -ENODEV;

		/* How many devices are affected? */
		ret = vfio_pci_for_each_slot_or_bus(vdev->pdev,
						    vfio_pci_count_devs,
						    &fill.max, slot);
		if (ret)
			return ret;

		WARN_ON(!fill.max); /* Should always be at least one */

		/*
		 * If there's enough space, fill it now, otherwise return
		 * -ENOSPC and the number of devices affected.
		 */
		if (hdr.argsz < sizeof(hdr) + (fill.max * sizeof(*devices))) {
			ret = -ENOSPC;
			hdr.count = fill.max;
			goto reset_info_exit;
		}

		devices = kcalloc(fill.max, sizeof(*devices), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!devices)
			return -ENOMEM;

		fill.devices = devices;

		ret = vfio_pci_for_each_slot_or_bus(vdev->pdev,
						    vfio_pci_fill_devs,
						    &fill, slot);

		/*
		 * If a device was removed between counting and filling,
		 * we may come up short of fill.max.  If a device was
		 * added, we'll have a return of -EAGAIN above.
		 */
		if (!ret)
			hdr.count = fill.cur;

reset_info_exit:
		if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &hdr, minsz))
			ret = -EFAULT;

		if (!ret) {
			if (copy_to_user((void __user *)(arg + minsz), devices,
					 hdr.count * sizeof(*devices)))
				ret = -EFAULT;
		}

		kfree(devices);
		return ret;

	} else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_PCI_HOT_RESET) {
		struct vfio_pci_hot_reset hdr;
		int32_t *group_fds;
		struct vfio_pci_group_entry *groups;
		struct vfio_pci_group_info info;
		bool slot = false;
		int i, count = 0, ret = 0;

		minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_pci_hot_reset, count);

		if (copy_from_user(&hdr, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
			return -EFAULT;

		if (hdr.argsz < minsz || hdr.flags)
			return -EINVAL;

		/* Can we do a slot or bus reset or neither? */
		if (!pci_probe_reset_slot(vdev->pdev->slot))
			slot = true;
		else if (pci_probe_reset_bus(vdev->pdev->bus))
			return -ENODEV;

		/*
		 * We can't let userspace give us an arbitrarily large
		 * buffer to copy, so verify how many we think there
		 * could be.  Note groups can have multiple devices so
		 * one group per device is the max.
		 */
		ret = vfio_pci_for_each_slot_or_bus(vdev->pdev,
						    vfio_pci_count_devs,
						    &count, slot);
		if (ret)
			return ret;

		/* Somewhere between 1 and count is OK */
		if (!hdr.count || hdr.count > count)
			return -EINVAL;

		group_fds = kcalloc(hdr.count, sizeof(*group_fds), GFP_KERNEL);
		groups = kcalloc(hdr.count, sizeof(*groups), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!group_fds || !groups) {
			kfree(group_fds);
			kfree(groups);
			return -ENOMEM;
		}

		if (copy_from_user(group_fds, (void __user *)(arg + minsz),
				   hdr.count * sizeof(*group_fds))) {
			kfree(group_fds);
			kfree(groups);
			return -EFAULT;
		}

		/*
		 * For each group_fd, get the group through the vfio external
		 * user interface and store the group and iommu ID.  This
		 * ensures the group is held across the reset.
		 */
		for (i = 0; i < hdr.count; i++) {
			struct vfio_group *group;
			struct fd f = fdget(group_fds[i]);
			if (!f.file) {
				ret = -EBADF;
				break;
			}

			group = vfio_group_get_external_user(f.file);
			fdput(f);
			if (IS_ERR(group)) {
				ret = PTR_ERR(group);
				break;
			}

			groups[i].group = group;
			groups[i].id = vfio_external_user_iommu_id(group);
		}

		kfree(group_fds);

		/* release reference to groups on error */
		if (ret)
			goto hot_reset_release;

		info.count = hdr.count;
		info.groups = groups;

		/*
		 * Test whether all the affected devices are contained
		 * by the set of groups provided by the user.
		 */
		ret = vfio_pci_for_each_slot_or_bus(vdev->pdev,
						    vfio_pci_validate_devs,
						    &info, slot);
		if (!ret)
			/* User has access, do the reset */
			ret = pci_reset_bus(vdev->pdev);

hot_reset_release:
		for (i--; i >= 0; i--)
			vfio_group_put_external_user(groups[i].group);

		kfree(groups);
		return ret;
	} else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_IOEVENTFD) {
		struct vfio_device_ioeventfd ioeventfd;
		int count;

		minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_device_ioeventfd, fd);

		if (copy_from_user(&ioeventfd, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
			return -EFAULT;

		if (ioeventfd.argsz < minsz)
			return -EINVAL;

		if (ioeventfd.flags & ~VFIO_DEVICE_IOEVENTFD_SIZE_MASK)
			return -EINVAL;

		count = ioeventfd.flags & VFIO_DEVICE_IOEVENTFD_SIZE_MASK;

		if (hweight8(count) != 1 || ioeventfd.fd < -1)
			return -EINVAL;

		return vfio_pci_ioeventfd(vdev, ioeventfd.offset,
					  ioeventfd.data, count, ioeventfd.fd);
	}

	return -ENOTTY;
}

static ssize_t vfio_pci_rw(void *device_data, char __user *buf,
			   size_t count, loff_t *ppos, bool iswrite)
{
	unsigned int index = VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev = device_data;

	if (index >= VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS + vdev->num_regions)
		return -EINVAL;

	switch (index) {
	case VFIO_PCI_CONFIG_REGION_INDEX:
		return vfio_pci_config_rw(vdev, buf, count, ppos, iswrite);

	case VFIO_PCI_ROM_REGION_INDEX:
		if (iswrite)
			return -EINVAL;
		return vfio_pci_bar_rw(vdev, buf, count, ppos, false);

	case VFIO_PCI_BAR0_REGION_INDEX ... VFIO_PCI_BAR5_REGION_INDEX:
		return vfio_pci_bar_rw(vdev, buf, count, ppos, iswrite);

	case VFIO_PCI_VGA_REGION_INDEX:
		return vfio_pci_vga_rw(vdev, buf, count, ppos, iswrite);
	default:
		index -= VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS;
		return vdev->region[index].ops->rw(vdev, buf,
						   count, ppos, iswrite);
	}

	return -EINVAL;
}

static ssize_t vfio_pci_read(void *device_data, char __user *buf,
			     size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
	if (!count)
		return 0;

	return vfio_pci_rw(device_data, buf, count, ppos, false);
}

static ssize_t vfio_pci_write(void *device_data, const char __user *buf,
			      size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
	if (!count)
		return 0;

	return vfio_pci_rw(device_data, (char __user *)buf, count, ppos, true);
}

static int vfio_pci_mmap(void *device_data, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev = device_data;
	struct pci_dev *pdev = vdev->pdev;
	unsigned int index;
	u64 phys_len, req_len, pgoff, req_start;
	int ret;

	index = vma->vm_pgoff >> (VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT);

	if (vma->vm_end < vma->vm_start)
		return -EINVAL;
	if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED) == 0)
		return -EINVAL;
	if (index >= VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS) {
		int regnum = index - VFIO_PCI_NUM_REGIONS;
		struct vfio_pci_region *region = vdev->region + regnum;

		if (region && region->ops && region->ops->mmap &&
		    (region->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_MMAP))
			return region->ops->mmap(vdev, region, vma);
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	if (index >= VFIO_PCI_ROM_REGION_INDEX)
		return -EINVAL;
	if (!vdev->bar_mmap_supported[index])
		return -EINVAL;

	phys_len = PAGE_ALIGN(pci_resource_len(pdev, index));
	req_len = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start;
	pgoff = vma->vm_pgoff &
		((1U << (VFIO_PCI_OFFSET_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)) - 1);
	req_start = pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT;

	if (req_start + req_len > phys_len)
		return -EINVAL;

	/*
	 * Even though we don't make use of the barmap for the mmap,
	 * we need to request the region and the barmap tracks that.
	 */
	if (!vdev->barmap[index]) {
		ret = pci_request_selected_regions(pdev,
						   1 << index, "vfio-pci");
		if (ret)
			return ret;

		vdev->barmap[index] = pci_iomap(pdev, index, 0);
		if (!vdev->barmap[index]) {
			pci_release_selected_regions(pdev, 1 << index);
			return -ENOMEM;
		}
	}

	vma->vm_private_data = vdev;
	vma->vm_page_prot = pgprot_noncached(vma->vm_page_prot);
	vma->vm_pgoff = (pci_resource_start(pdev, index) >> PAGE_SHIFT) + pgoff;

	return remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_pgoff,
			       req_len, vma->vm_page_prot);
}

static void vfio_pci_request(void *device_data, unsigned int count)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev = device_data;

	mutex_lock(&vdev->igate);

	if (vdev->req_trigger) {
		if (!(count % 10))
			dev_notice_ratelimited(&vdev->pdev->dev,
				"Relaying device request to user (#%u)\n",
				count);
		eventfd_signal(vdev->req_trigger, 1);
	} else if (count == 0) {
		dev_warn(&vdev->pdev->dev,
			"No device request channel registered, blocked until released by user\n");
	}

	mutex_unlock(&vdev->igate);
}

static const struct vfio_device_ops vfio_pci_ops = {
	.name		= "vfio-pci",
	.open		= vfio_pci_open,
	.release	= vfio_pci_release,
	.ioctl		= vfio_pci_ioctl,
	.read		= vfio_pci_read,
	.write		= vfio_pci_write,
	.mmap		= vfio_pci_mmap,
	.request	= vfio_pci_request,
};

static int vfio_pci_reflck_attach(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev);
static void vfio_pci_reflck_put(struct vfio_pci_reflck *reflck);

static int vfio_pci_probe(struct pci_dev *pdev, const struct pci_device_id *id)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev;
	struct iommu_group *group;
	int ret;

	if (pdev->hdr_type != PCI_HEADER_TYPE_NORMAL)
		return -EINVAL;

	/*
	 * Prevent binding to PFs with VFs enabled, this too easily allows
	 * userspace instance with VFs and PFs from the same device, which
	 * cannot work.  Disabling SR-IOV here would initiate removing the
	 * VFs, which would unbind the driver, which is prone to blocking
	 * if that VF is also in use by vfio-pci.  Just reject these PFs
	 * and let the user sort it out.
	 */
	if (pci_num_vf(pdev)) {
		pci_warn(pdev, "Cannot bind to PF with SR-IOV enabled\n");
		return -EBUSY;
	}

	group = vfio_iommu_group_get(&pdev->dev);
	if (!group)
		return -EINVAL;

	vdev = kzalloc(sizeof(*vdev), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!vdev) {
		vfio_iommu_group_put(group, &pdev->dev);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	vdev->pdev = pdev;
	vdev->irq_type = VFIO_PCI_NUM_IRQS;
	mutex_init(&vdev->igate);
	spin_lock_init(&vdev->irqlock);
	mutex_init(&vdev->ioeventfds_lock);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vdev->ioeventfds_list);

	ret = vfio_add_group_dev(&pdev->dev, &vfio_pci_ops, vdev);
	if (ret) {
		vfio_iommu_group_put(group, &pdev->dev);
		kfree(vdev);
		return ret;
	}

	ret = vfio_pci_reflck_attach(vdev);
	if (ret) {
		vfio_del_group_dev(&pdev->dev);
		vfio_iommu_group_put(group, &pdev->dev);
		kfree(vdev);
		return ret;
	}

	if (vfio_pci_is_vga(pdev)) {
		vga_client_register(pdev, vdev, NULL, vfio_pci_set_vga_decode);
		vga_set_legacy_decoding(pdev,
					vfio_pci_set_vga_decode(vdev, false));
	}

	if (!disable_idle_d3) {
		/*
		 * pci-core sets the device power state to an unknown value at
		 * bootup and after being removed from a driver.  The only
		 * transition it allows from this unknown state is to D0, which
		 * typically happens when a driver calls pci_enable_device().
		 * We're not ready to enable the device yet, but we do want to
		 * be able to get to D3.  Therefore first do a D0 transition
		 * before going to D3.
		 */
		pci_set_power_state(pdev, PCI_D0);
		pci_set_power_state(pdev, PCI_D3hot);
	}

	return ret;
}

static void vfio_pci_remove(struct pci_dev *pdev)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev;

	vdev = vfio_del_group_dev(&pdev->dev);
	if (!vdev)
		return;

	vfio_pci_reflck_put(vdev->reflck);

	vfio_iommu_group_put(pdev->dev.iommu_group, &pdev->dev);
	kfree(vdev->region);
	mutex_destroy(&vdev->ioeventfds_lock);
	kfree(vdev);

	if (vfio_pci_is_vga(pdev)) {
		vga_client_register(pdev, NULL, NULL, NULL);
		vga_set_legacy_decoding(pdev,
				VGA_RSRC_NORMAL_IO | VGA_RSRC_NORMAL_MEM |
				VGA_RSRC_LEGACY_IO | VGA_RSRC_LEGACY_MEM);
	}

	if (!disable_idle_d3)
		pci_set_power_state(pdev, PCI_D0);
}

static pci_ers_result_t vfio_pci_aer_err_detected(struct pci_dev *pdev,
						  pci_channel_state_t state)
{
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev;
	struct vfio_device *device;

	device = vfio_device_get_from_dev(&pdev->dev);
	if (device == NULL)
		return PCI_ERS_RESULT_DISCONNECT;

	vdev = vfio_device_data(device);
	if (vdev == NULL) {
		vfio_device_put(device);
		return PCI_ERS_RESULT_DISCONNECT;
	}

	mutex_lock(&vdev->igate);

	if (vdev->err_trigger)
		eventfd_signal(vdev->err_trigger, 1);

	mutex_unlock(&vdev->igate);

	vfio_device_put(device);

	return PCI_ERS_RESULT_CAN_RECOVER;
}

static const struct pci_error_handlers vfio_err_handlers = {
	.error_detected = vfio_pci_aer_err_detected,
};

static struct pci_driver vfio_pci_driver = {
	.name		= "vfio-pci",
	.id_table	= NULL, /* only dynamic ids */
	.probe		= vfio_pci_probe,
	.remove		= vfio_pci_remove,
	.err_handler	= &vfio_err_handlers,
};

static DEFINE_MUTEX(reflck_lock);

static struct vfio_pci_reflck *vfio_pci_reflck_alloc(void)
{
	struct vfio_pci_reflck *reflck;

	reflck = kzalloc(sizeof(*reflck), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!reflck)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	kref_init(&reflck->kref);
	mutex_init(&reflck->lock);

	return reflck;
}

static void vfio_pci_reflck_get(struct vfio_pci_reflck *reflck)
{
	kref_get(&reflck->kref);
}

static int vfio_pci_reflck_find(struct pci_dev *pdev, void *data)
{
	struct vfio_pci_reflck **preflck = data;
	struct vfio_device *device;
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev;

	device = vfio_device_get_from_dev(&pdev->dev);
	if (!device)
		return 0;

	if (pci_dev_driver(pdev) != &vfio_pci_driver) {
		vfio_device_put(device);
		return 0;
	}

	vdev = vfio_device_data(device);

	if (vdev->reflck) {
		vfio_pci_reflck_get(vdev->reflck);
		*preflck = vdev->reflck;
		vfio_device_put(device);
		return 1;
	}

	vfio_device_put(device);
	return 0;
}

static int vfio_pci_reflck_attach(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev)
{
	bool slot = !pci_probe_reset_slot(vdev->pdev->slot);

	mutex_lock(&reflck_lock);

	if (pci_is_root_bus(vdev->pdev->bus) ||
	    vfio_pci_for_each_slot_or_bus(vdev->pdev, vfio_pci_reflck_find,
					  &vdev->reflck, slot) <= 0)
		vdev->reflck = vfio_pci_reflck_alloc();

	mutex_unlock(&reflck_lock);

	return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(vdev->reflck);
}

static void vfio_pci_reflck_release(struct kref *kref)
{
	struct vfio_pci_reflck *reflck = container_of(kref,
						      struct vfio_pci_reflck,
						      kref);

	kfree(reflck);
	mutex_unlock(&reflck_lock);
}

static void vfio_pci_reflck_put(struct vfio_pci_reflck *reflck)
{
	kref_put_mutex(&reflck->kref, vfio_pci_reflck_release, &reflck_lock);
}

struct vfio_devices {
	struct vfio_device **devices;
	int cur_index;
	int max_index;
};

static int vfio_pci_get_unused_devs(struct pci_dev *pdev, void *data)
{
	struct vfio_devices *devs = data;
	struct vfio_device *device;
	struct vfio_pci_device *vdev;

	if (devs->cur_index == devs->max_index)
		return -ENOSPC;

	device = vfio_device_get_from_dev(&pdev->dev);
	if (!device)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (pci_dev_driver(pdev) != &vfio_pci_driver) {
		vfio_device_put(device);
		return -EBUSY;
	}

	vdev = vfio_device_data(device);

	/* Fault if the device is not unused */
	if (vdev->refcnt) {
		vfio_device_put(device);
		return -EBUSY;
	}

	devs->devices[devs->cur_index++] = device;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * If a bus or slot reset is available for the provided device and:
 *  - All of the devices affected by that bus or slot reset are unused
 *    (!refcnt)
 *  - At least one of the affected devices is marked dirty via
 *    needs_reset (such as by lack of FLR support)
 * Then attempt to perform that bus or slot reset.  Callers are required
 * to hold vdev->reflck->lock, protecting the bus/slot reset group from
 * concurrent opens.  A vfio_device reference is acquired for each device
 * to prevent unbinds during the reset operation.
 *
 * NB: vfio-core considers a group to be viable even if some devices are
 * bound to drivers like pci-stub or pcieport.  Here we require all devices
 * to be bound to vfio_pci since that's the only way we can be sure they
 * stay put.
 */
static void vfio_pci_try_bus_reset(struct vfio_pci_device *vdev)
{
	struct vfio_devices devs = { .cur_index = 0 };
	int i = 0, ret = -EINVAL;
	bool slot = false;
	struct vfio_pci_device *tmp;

	if (!pci_probe_reset_slot(vdev->pdev->slot))
		slot = true;
	else if (pci_probe_reset_bus(vdev->pdev->bus))
		return;

	if (vfio_pci_for_each_slot_or_bus(vdev->pdev, vfio_pci_count_devs,
					  &i, slot) || !i)
		return;

	devs.max_index = i;
	devs.devices = kcalloc(i, sizeof(struct vfio_device *), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!devs.devices)
		return;

	if (vfio_pci_for_each_slot_or_bus(vdev->pdev,
					  vfio_pci_get_unused_devs,
					  &devs, slot))
		goto put_devs;

	/* Does at least one need a reset? */
	for (i = 0; i < devs.cur_index; i++) {
		tmp = vfio_device_data(devs.devices[i]);
		if (tmp->needs_reset) {
			ret = pci_reset_bus(vdev->pdev);
			break;
		}
	}

put_devs:
	for (i = 0; i < devs.cur_index; i++) {
		tmp = vfio_device_data(devs.devices[i]);

		/*
		 * If reset was successful, affected devices no longer need
		 * a reset and we should return all the collateral devices
		 * to low power.  If not successful, we either didn't reset
		 * the bus or timed out waiting for it, so let's not touch
		 * the power state.
		 */
		if (!ret) {
			tmp->needs_reset = false;

			if (tmp != vdev && !disable_idle_d3)
				pci_set_power_state(tmp->pdev, PCI_D3hot);
		}

		vfio_device_put(devs.devices[i]);
	}

	kfree(devs.devices);
}

static void __exit vfio_pci_cleanup(void)
{
	pci_unregister_driver(&vfio_pci_driver);
	vfio_pci_uninit_perm_bits();
}

static void __init vfio_pci_fill_ids(void)
{
	char *p, *id;
	int rc;

	/* no ids passed actually */
	if (ids[0] == '\0')
		return;

	/* add ids specified in the module parameter */
	p = ids;
	while ((id = strsep(&p, ","))) {
		unsigned int vendor, device, subvendor = PCI_ANY_ID,
			subdevice = PCI_ANY_ID, class = 0, class_mask = 0;
		int fields;

		if (!strlen(id))
			continue;

		fields = sscanf(id, "%x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x",
				&vendor, &device, &subvendor, &subdevice,
				&class, &class_mask);

		if (fields < 2) {
			pr_warn("invalid id string \"%s\"\n", id);
			continue;
		}

		rc = pci_add_dynid(&vfio_pci_driver, vendor, device,
				   subvendor, subdevice, class, class_mask, 0);
		if (rc)
			pr_warn("failed to add dynamic id [%04hx:%04hx[%04hx:%04hx]] class %#08x/%08x (%d)\n",
				vendor, device, subvendor, subdevice,
				class, class_mask, rc);
		else
			pr_info("add [%04hx:%04hx[%04hx:%04hx]] class %#08x/%08x\n",
				vendor, device, subvendor, subdevice,
				class, class_mask);
	}
}

static int __init vfio_pci_init(void)
{
	int ret;

	/* Allocate shared config space permision data used by all devices */
	ret = vfio_pci_init_perm_bits();
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	/* Register and scan for devices */
	ret = pci_register_driver(&vfio_pci_driver);
	if (ret)
		goto out_driver;

	vfio_pci_fill_ids();

	return 0;

out_driver:
	vfio_pci_uninit_perm_bits();
	return ret;
}

module_init(vfio_pci_init);
module_exit(vfio_pci_cleanup);

MODULE_VERSION(DRIVER_VERSION);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR);
MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DRIVER_DESC);