In a couple of places, usbcore assumes that a USB device configuration
will have a nonzero number of interfaces. Having no interfaces may or
may not be allowed by the USB spec; in any event we shouldn't die if we
encounter such a thing. This patch (as662) removes the assumptions.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as647) fixes a small error introduced by a recent change to
the USB core suspend/resume code.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This makes usbcore use the driver model wakeup flags for host controllers
and for their root hubs. Since previous patches have removed all users of
the HCD flags they replace, this converts the last users of those flags.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
the patch below converts a bunch of semaphores-used-as-mutex in the USB
code to mutexes
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as614) makes a small change to the part of the hub driver
responsible for remote wakeup of root hubs. When these wakeups occur
the driver is suspended, and in case the resume fails the driver should
remain suspended -- it shouldn't try to proceed with its normal
processing.
This will hardly ever matter in normal use, but it did crop up while I
was debugging a different problem.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as610) adds a field to struct usb_device to store the device's
port number. This allows us to remove several loops in the hub driver
(searching for a particular device among all the entries in the parent's
array of children).
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as609) changes the way we keep track of power budgeting for
USB hubs and devices, and it updates the choose_configuration routine to
take this information into account. (This is something we should have
been doing all along.) A new field in struct usb_device holds the amount
of bus current available from the upstream port, and the usb_hub structure
keeps track of the current available for each downstream port.
Two new rules for configuration selection are added:
Don't select a self-powered configuration when only bus power
is available.
Don't select a configuration requiring more bus power than is
available.
However the first rule is #if-ed out, because I found that the internal
hub in my HP USB keyboard claims that its only configuration is
self-powered. The rule would prevent the configuration from being chosen,
leaving the hub & keyboard unconfigured. Since similar descriptor errors
may turn out to be fairly common, it seemed wise not to include a rule
that would break automatic configuration unnecessarily for such devices.
The second rule may also trigger unnecessarily, although this should be
less common. More likely it will annoy people by sometimes failing to
accept configurations that should never have been chosen in the first
place.
The patch also changes usbcore's reaction when no configuration is
suitable. Instead of raising an error and rejecting the device, now
the core will simply leave the device unconfigured. People can always
work around such problems by installing configurations manually through
sysfs.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
The earlier USB locking updates didn't touch the suspend/resume
routines. They need updating as well, since now the caller holds the
device semaphore. This patch (as608) makes the necessary changes. It
also adds a line to store the correct power state when a device is
resumed, something which was unaccountably missing.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as606b) is an updated version of my earlier patch to
disconnect children from a hub device when the hub driver is unbound.
Thanks to the changes in the driver core locking, we now know that the
entire hub device (and not just the interface) is locked whenever the
hub driver's disconnect method runs. Hence it is safe to disconnect the
child device structures immediately instead of deferring the job.
The earlier version of the patch neglected to disable the hub's ports.
We don't want to forget that; otherwise we'd end up with live devices
using addresses that have been recycled. This update adds the necessary
code.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as605) removes the private udev->serialize semaphore,
relying instead on the locking provided by the embedded struct device's
semaphore. The changes are confined to the core, except that the
usb_trylock_device routine now uses the return convention of
down_trylock rather than down_read_trylock (they return opposite values
for no good reason).
A couple of other associated changes are included as well:
Now that we aren't concerned about HCDs that avoid using the
hcd glue layer, usb_disconnect no longer needs to acquire the
usb_bus_lock -- that can be done by usb_remove_hcd where it
belongs.
Devices aren't locked over the same scope of code in
usb_new_device and hub_port_connect_change as they used to be.
This shouldn't cause any trouble.
Along with the preceding driver core patch, this needs a lot of testing.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as515b) adds a routine to usbcore to simplify handling of
host controllers that lost power or were reset during suspend/resume.
The new core routine marks all the child devices of the root hub as
NOTATTACHED and tells khubd to disconnect the device structures as soon
as possible.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This fixes some bugs in EHCI suspend/resume that joined us over the past
few releases (as usbcore, PCI, pmcore, and other components evolved):
- Removes suspend and resume recursion from the EHCI driver, getting
rid of the USB_SUSPEND special casing.
- Updates the wakeup mechanism to work again; there's a newish usbcore
call it needs to use.
- Provide simpler tests for "do we need to restart from scratch", to
address another case where PCI Vaux was lost. (In this case it was
restoring a swsusp snapshot, but there could be others.)
Un-exports a symbol that was temporarily exported.
A notable change from previous version is that this doesn't move
the spinlock init, so there's still a resume/reinit path bug.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This lets us remove a lot of code in the drivers that were all checking
the same thing. It also found some bugs in a few of the drivers, which
has been fixed up.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
With CONFIG_PM=n:
drivers/built-in.o(.text+0x1098c): In function `hub_thread':
drivers/usb/core/hub.c:2673: undefined reference to `.dpm_runtime_resume'
drivers/built-in.o(.text+0x10998):drivers/usb/core/hub.c:2674: undefined reference to `.dpm_runtime_resume'
Please, never ever ever put extern decls into .c files. Use the darn header
files :(
Cc: David Brownell <david-b@pacbell.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as592) makes a few small improvements to the way device
strings are handled, and it fixes some bugs in a couple of other sysfs
attribute routines. (Look at show_configuration_string() to see what I
mean.)
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as590) fixes up all the remaining places where usbcore can
use kzalloc rather than kmalloc/memset.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This should let us get rid of all of the different hooks in the USB core for
when something has changed.
Also, some other parts of the kernel have wanted to know this kind of
information at times.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as580) is perhaps the only result from the long discussion I
had with David about his changes to the root-hub suspend/resume code. It
renames the hub_suspend and hub_resume methods in struct usb_hcd to
bus_suspend and bus_resume. These are more descriptive names, since the
methods really do suspend or resume an entire USB bus, and less likely to
be confused with the hub_suspend and hub_resume routines in hub.c.
It also takes David's advice about removing the layer of bus glue, where
those methods are called. And it implements a related change that David
made to the other HCDs but forgot to put into dummy_hcd.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Also has the nice benefit of making sparc alignment issues go away.
Thanks to David Miller for pointing out the problems here.
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
drivers/usb/core/hub.c | 22 ++++++++++++----------
drivers/usb/core/hub.h | 2 +-
2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
The way we're looking at USB suspend lately doesn't expect drivers to
call usb_suspend_device() or usb_resume_device() directly; that'll
be implicit when no interfaces are in use.
This patch removes those APIs from visibility outside usbcore.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
drivers/usb/core/hub.c | 12 ++++--------
drivers/usb/core/usb.h | 4 ++++
include/linux/usb.h | 5 -----
3 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
This patch associates hub suspend and resume logic (including for root hubs)
with CONFIG_PM -- instead of CONFIG_USB_SUSPEND as before -- thereby unifying
two troublesome versions of suspend logic into just one. It'll be easier to
keep things right from now on.
- Now usbcore _always_ calls hcd->hub_suspend as needed, instead of
only when USB_SUSPEND is enabled:
* Those root hub methods are now called from hub suspend/resume;
no more skipping between layers during device suspend/resume;
* It now handles cases allowed by sysfs or autosuspended root hubs,
by forcing the hub interface to resume too.
- All devices, including virtual root hubs, now get the same treatment
on their resume paths ... including re-activating all their interfaces.
Plus it gets rid of those stub copies of usb_{suspend,resume}_device(), and
updates the Kconfig to match the new definition of USB_SUSPEND: it provides
(a) selective suspend, downstream from hubs; and (b) remote wakeup, upstream
from any device configuration which supports it.
This calls for minor followup patches for most HCDs (and their PCI glue).
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
drivers/usb/core/Kconfig | 11 ++-
drivers/usb/core/hub.c | 163 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
2 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)
This patch collects various small updates related to root hubs, to shrink
later patches which build on them.
- For root hub suspend/resume support:
* Make the existing usb_hcd_resume_root_hub() routine respect pmcore
locking, exporting and using the dpm_runtime_resume() method.
* Add a new usb_hcd_suspend_root_hub() to pair with that routine.
(Essential to make OHCI autosuspend behave again...)
* HC_SUSPENDED by itself only refers to the root hub's downstream ports.
So let HCDs see root hub URBs unless the parent device is suspended.
- Remove an assertion we no longer need (and now, also don't want).
- Generic suspend/resume updates to work better with swsusp.
* Ignore the FREEZE vs SUSPEND distinction for hardware; trying to
use it breaks the swsusp snapshots it's supposed to help (sigh).
* On resume, mark devices as resumed right away, but then
do nothing else if the device is marked NOTATTACHED.
These changes shouldn't be very noticable by themselves.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
drivers/base/power/runtime.c | 1
drivers/usb/core/hcd.c | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
drivers/usb/core/hcd.h | 1
drivers/usb/core/hub.c | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------
drivers/usb/core/usb.c | 20 +++++++++----
drivers/usb/core/usb.h | 1
6 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
This gets rid of some inconsistently duplicated logic to resume interfaces.
Similar code was in both finish_port_resume() and in usb_generic_resume().
Now there is just one copy of that code, accessed regardless of whether
CONFIG_USB_SUSPEND is enabled. Fault handling is also more consistent.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch removes the extra usb_suspend_device() parameter. The original
reason to pass that parameter was so that this routine could suspend any
active children. A previous patch removed that functionality ... leaving
no reason to pass the parameter. A close analogy is pci_set_power_state,
which doesn't need a pm_message_t either.
On the internal code path that comes through the driver model, the parameter
is now used to distinguish cases where USB devices need to "freeze" but not
suspend. It also checks for an error case that's accessible through sysfs:
attempting to suspend a device before its interfaces (or for hubs, ports).
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
drivers/usb/core/hub.c | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
drivers/usb/core/usb.c | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++--
drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.c | 2 +-
drivers/usb/host/isp116x-hcd.c | 2 +-
drivers/usb/host/ohci-pci.c | 2 +-
include/linux/usb.h | 2 +-
6 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
This patch removes some recursion in the CONFIG_USB_SUSPEND logic, which
suspended children (of devices or hubs) that weren't already suspended.
When it sees such cases, suspend now just fails cleanly.
That logic was not needed during system-wide sleep state transitions; and
given the current notions of how to manage selective suspend transitions,
we don't want it there either. Where it was particularly handy was coping
with various limitations of the sysfs "echo -n N > power/state" support.
(These include assuming that "N" is always meaningful to the driver; and
that drivers can only transition to state N from state zero.)
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This updates the handling of power state for USB interfaces.
- Formalizes an existing invariant: interface "power state" is a boolean:
ON when I/O is allowed, and FREEZE otherwise. It does so by defining
some inlined helpers, then using them.
- Adds a useful invariant: the only interfaces marked active are those
bound to non-suspended drivers. Later patches build on this invariant.
- Simplifies the interface driver API (and removes some error paths) by
removing the requirement that they record power state changes during
suspend and resume callbacks. Now usbcore does that.
A few drivers were simplified to address that last change.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
drivers/usb/core/hub.c | 33 +++++++++------------
drivers/usb/core/message.c | 1
drivers/usb/core/usb.c | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
drivers/usb/core/usb.h | 18 +++++++++++
drivers/usb/input/hid-core.c | 2 -
drivers/usb/misc/usbtest.c | 10 ------
drivers/usb/net/pegasus.c | 2 -
drivers/usb/net/usbnet.c | 2 -
8 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)
This patch teaches "usb_device" about the new driver model wakeup support:
- It updates device wakeup capabilities when entering a configuration
with the WAKEUP attribute;
- During suspend processing it consults the policy bit to see
whether it should enable wakeup for that device. (This resolves
a FIXME to not assume the answer is always "yes"; some devices
lie about supporting remote wakeup.)
Support for root hubs and the HCDs is separate (and more complex).
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This appears to help some folk, please merge.
This patch relaxes reset timings. There are some reports that it
helps make enumeration work better on some high speed devices.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Routine cases like handoff-to-companion shouldn't trigger diagnostics.
This gets rid of some recently added log spamming. It's routine for
hub_port_wait_reset() to return -ENOTCONN to indicate handoff from
highspeed hubs to companions, so an error message is incorrect.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This adds think_time to the usb_tt struct and sets it appropriately
(measured in ns); this can help us implement better split transaction
scheduling.
Signed-off-by: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@ieee.org>
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as554) makes the hub driver disconnect any child USB devices
when it is unbound from a hub. Normally this will never happen, but
there are a few oddball ways to unbind the hub driver while leaving the
children intact. For example, the new "unbind" sysfs attribute can be
used for this purpose.
Given that unbinding hubs with children is now safe, the patch also
removes the code that prevented people from doing so using usbfs.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch (as553) merely moves some code and deletes an unneeded test in
the hub driver. This is in preparation for the patch that follows.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch introduces a /sys/class/usb_device/ class
where every connected usb-device will show up:
tree /sys/class/usb_device/
/sys/class/usb_device/
|-- usb1.1
| |-- dev
| `-- device -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.0/usb1
|-- usb2.1
| |-- dev
| `-- device -> ../../../devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.1/usb2
...
The presence of the "dev" file lets udev create real device nodes.
kay@pim:~/src/linux-2.6> tree /dev/bus/usb/
/dev/bus/usb/
|-- 1
| `-- 1
|-- 2
| `-- 1
...
udev rule:
SUBSYSTEM="usb_device", PROGRAM="/sbin/usb_device %k", NAME="%c"
(echo $1 | /bin/sed 's/usb\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)/bus\/usb\/\1\/\2/')
This makes libusb pick up the real nodes instead of the mounted usbfs:
export USB_DEVFS_PATH=/dev/bus/usb
Background:
All this makes it possible to manage usb devices with udev instead of
the devfs solution. We are currently working on a pam_console/resmgr
replacement driven by udev and a pam-helper. It applies ACL's to device
nodes, which is required for modern desktop functionalty like
"Fast User Switching" or multiple local login support.
New patch with its own major. I've succesfully disabled usbfs and use real
nodes only on my box. With: "export USB_DEVFS_PATH=/dev/bus/usb" libusb picks
up the udev managed nodes instead of reading usbfs files.
This makes udev to provide symlinks for libusb to pick up:
SUBSYSTEM="usb_device", PROGRAM="/sbin/usbdevice %k", SYMLINK="%c"
/sbin/usbdevice:
#!/bin/sh
echo $1 | /bin/sed 's/usbdev\([0-9]*\)\.\([0-9]*\)/bus\/usb\/\1\/\2/'
Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This adds type-checking to pm_message_t, so that people can't confuse it
with int or u32. It also allows us to fix "disk yoyo" during suspend (disk
spinning down/up/down).
[We've tried that before; since that cpufreq problems were fixed and I've
tried make allyes config and fixed resulting damage.]
Signed-off-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Alexander Nyberg <alexn@telia.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This one-liner fixes a test for interfaces that are already resumed.
It would be nice if this could get into 2.6.12, but it's not critical
since it only affects people doing selective (runtime) suspend/resume.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch removes the hub_set_power_budget routine, which was used by a
couple of HCDs to indicate that the root hub was running on battery power.
In its place is a new field added to struct usb_hcd, which HCDs can set
before the root hub is registered. Special-case code in the hub driver
knows to look at this field when configuring a root hub.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Acked-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This is a revised version of an earlier patch to add support to usbcore
for driving root hubs by interrupts rather than polling.
There's a temporary flag added to struct usb_hcd, marking devices whose
drivers are aware of the new mechanism. By default that flag doesn't get
set so drivers will continue to see the same polling behavior as before.
This way we can convert the HCDs one by one to use interrupt-based event
reporting, and the temporary flag can be removed when they're all done.
Also included is a small change to the hcd_disable_endpoint routine.
Although endpoints normally shouldn't be disabled while a controller is
suspended, it's legal to do so when the controller's driver is being
rmmod'ed.
Lastly the patch adds a new callback, .hub_irq_enable, for use by HCDs
where the root hub's port-change interrupts are level-triggered rather
than edge-triggered. The callback is invoked each time khubd has finished
processing a root hub, to let the HCD know that the interrupt can safely
be re-enabled.
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
1. Establish a simple API for process freezing defined in linux/include/sched.h:
frozen(process) Check for frozen process
freezing(process) Check if a process is being frozen
freeze(process) Tell a process to freeze (go to refrigerator)
thaw_process(process) Restart process
frozen_process(process) Process is frozen now
2. Remove all references to PF_FREEZE and PF_FROZEN from all
kernel sources except sched.h
3. Fix numerous locations where try_to_freeze is manually done by a driver
4. Remove the argument that is no longer necessary from two function calls.
5. Some whitespace cleanup
6. Clear potential race in refrigerator (provides an open window of PF_FREEZE
cleared before setting PF_FROZEN, recalc_sigpending does not check
PF_FROZEN).
This patch does not address the problem of freeze_processes() violating the rule
that a task may only modify its own flags by setting PF_FREEZE. This is not clean
in an SMP environment. freeze(process) is therefore not SMP safe!
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <christoph@lameter.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Get rid of a bunch of redundant NULL pointer checks in drivers/usb/*,
there's no need to check a pointer for NULL before calling kfree() on it.
Signed-off-by: Jesper Juhl <juhl-lkml@dif.dk>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Index: gregkh-2.6/drivers/usb/class/audio.c
===================================================================
This is the first of a few installments of PM API updates to match the
recent switch to "pm_message_t". This installment primarily affects
USB device drivers (for USB interfaces), and it changes the handful of
drivers which currently implement suspend methods:
- <linux/usb.h> and usbcore, signature change
- Some drivers only changed the signature, net effect this just
shuts up "sparse -Wbitwise":
* hid-core
* stir4200
- Two network drivers did that, and also grew slightly more
featureful suspend code ... they now properly shut down
their activities. (As should stir4200...)
* pegasus
* usbnet
Note that the Wake-On-Lan (WOL) support in pegasus doesn't yet work; looks
to me like it's missing a request to turn it on, vs just configuring it.
The ASIX code in usbnet also has WOL hooks that are ready to use; untested.
Signed-off-by: David Brownell <dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Index: gregkh-2.6/drivers/net/irda/stir4200.c
===================================================================
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
Alan Stern