This API is used by the PCI core to rescan a bus and rediscover
newly added devices.
Over time, it is expected that the various PCI hotplug drivers
will migrate to this interface and away from the old
pci_do_scan_bus() interface.
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
In preparation for PCI core hotplug, we need to ensure that we do
not attempt to re-enable bridges that have already been enabled.
Reported-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
In preparation for PCI core hotplug, we need to ensure that we do
not attempt to re-initialize bridges that have already been initialized.
We only need to worry about non-root buses, since we will not allow
root bus removal.
Reported-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
While scanning bridges, we stop our scan if we encounter a bus
that we've seen before, to work around some buggy chipsets. This
is a good idea, but prevents us from fully scanning the PCI bus
at a future time (to find newly hot-added devices, for example).
Change the logic so that we skip _re-adding_ an existing bus
that we've seen before, but also allow the scan to descend to
all child buses.
Now that we're potentially scanning our child buses again, we
also need to be sure not to attempt re-initializing their BARs
so we avoid that.
This patch lays the groundwork to allow the user to issue a
rescan of the PCI bus at any time.
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
pci_scan_slot() has been rewritten to be less complex and will now
return the number of *new* devices found.
Existing callers need not worry because they already assume that
they can't call pci_scan_slot() on an already-scanned slot.
Thus, there is no semantic change for existing callers: returning
newly found devices (this patch) is exactly equal to returning all
found devices (before this patch).
This patch adds some more groundwork to allow us to rescan the
PCI bus during runtime to discover newly added devices.
Signed-off-by: Trent Piepho <xyzzy@speakeasy.org>
Reviewed-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
pci_scan_single_device is supposed to add newly discovered
devices to pci_bus->devices, but doesn't check to see if the
device has already been added. This can cause problems if we ever
want to use this interface to rescan the PCI bus.
If the device is already added, just return it.
Signed-off-by: Trent Piepho <xyzzy@speakeasy.org>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Add or remove a Virtual Function after receiving a Migrate In or Out
Request.
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Add or remove the Virtual Function when the SR-IOV is enabled or
disabled by the device driver. This can happen anytime rather than
only at the device probe stage.
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Move the device setup stuff into pci_setup_device() which will be used
to setup the Virtual Function later.
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Reserve the bus number range used by the Virtual Function when
pcibios_assign_all_busses() returns true.
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Restore the volatile registers in the SR-IOV capability after the
D3->D0 transition.
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
If a device has the SR-IOV capability, initialize it (set the ARI
Capable Hierarchy in the lowest numbered PF if necessary; calculate
the System Page Size for the VF MMIO, probe the VF Offset, Stride
and BARs). A lock for the VF bus allocation is also initialized if
a PF is the lowest numbered PF.
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
On the Compaq Evo D510 SFF/CMT, a PCI quirk activated the SMBus device
based on detection of the on-board VGA controller, but the on-board
VGA is disabled if an AGP card is inserted, so look for one of the USB
controllers instead.
Signed-off-by: David O'Shea <dcoshea@hotmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
X really would like to know which VGA device was considered the boot
device by the system. The x86 PCI fixups have support for discovering
this but we provide no way to expose it to userspace.
This adds a sysfs file per VGA class device which has the value 0 for
non the boot device or unknown, and 1 if the VGA device is the boot
device.
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Many host bridges support a 4k config space, so check them directy
instead of using quirks to add them.
We only need to do this extra check for host bridges at this point,
because only host bridges are known to have extended address space
without also having a PCI-X/PCI-E caps. Other devices with this
property could be done with quirks (if there are any).
As a bonus, we can remove the quirks for AMD host bridges with family
10h and 11h since they're not needed any more.
With this patch, we can get correct pci cfg size of new Intel CPUs/IOHs
with host bridges.
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Acked-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The PCIe port driver calls pci_enable_device when registering
ports, but never calls pci_disable_device during removal.
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Commit 55633af3 (PCIe portdrv: Use driver data to simplify code)
added a kfree of the driver private data in pcie_port_device_remove
but forgot to remove the old kfree from pcie_portdrv_remove.
Acked-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
This patch allows memory resources to be assigned with a specified
alignment at boot-time or run-time. The patch is useful when we use PCI
pass-through, because page-aligned memory resources are required to
securely share PCI resources with guest drivers.
If you want to assign the resource at boot time, please set
"pci=resource_alignment=" boot parameter.
This is format of "pci=resource_alignment=" boot parameter:
[<order of align>@][<domain>:]<bus>:<slot>.<func>[; ...]
Specifies alignment and device to reassign
aligned memory resources.
If <order of align> is not specified, PAGE_SIZE is
used as alignment.
PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource
windows need to be expanded.
This is example:
pci=resource_alignment=20@07:00.0;18@0f:00.0;00:1d.7
If you want to assign the resource at run-time, please set
"/sys/bus/pci/resource_alignment" file, and hot-remove the device and
hot-add the device. For this purpose, fakephp or PCI hotplug interfaces
can be used.
The format of "/sys/bus/pci/resource_alignment" file is the same with
boot parameter. You can use "," instead of ";".
For example:
# cd /sys/bus/pci
# echo -n 20@12:00.0 > resource_alignment
# echo 1 > devices/0000:12:00.0/remove
# echo 1 > rescan
Reviewed-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Reviewed-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yuji Shimada <shimada-yxb@necst.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Add the new API pci_enable_msi_block() to allow drivers to
request multiple MSI and reimplement pci_enable_msi in terms of
pci_enable_msi_block. Ensure that the architecture back ends don't
have to know about multiple MSI.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Since most of the callers already know whether they have an MSI or
an MSI-X capability, split msi_set_mask_bits() into msi_mask_irq()
and msix_mask_irq(). The only callers which don't (mask_msi_irq()
and unmask_msi_irq()) can share code in msi_set_mask_bit(). This then
becomes the only caller of msix_flush_writes(), so we can inline it.
The flushing read can be to any address that belongs to the device,
so we can eliminate the calculation too.
We can also get rid of maskbits_mask from struct msi_desc and simply
recalculate it on the rare occasion that we need it. The single-bit
'masked' element is replaced by a copy of the 32-bit 'masked' register,
so this patch does not affect the size of msi_desc.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
MSI interrupts have a mask_pos where MSI-X have a mask_base. Use a
transparent union to get rid of some ugly casts.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
By passing the pci_dev into alloc_msi_entry() we can be sure that
the ->dev entry is always assigned and so we don't need to check it.
Also, we used kzalloc() so we don't need to initialise ->irq to 0.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
By changing from a 5-bit field to a 1-bit field, we free up some bits
that can be used by a later patch. Also rearrange the fields for better
packing on 64-bit platforms (reducing the size of msi_desc from 72 bytes
to 64 bytes).
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
This adds a remove_id sysfs entry to allow users of new_id to later
remove the added dynid. One use case is management tools that want to
dynamically bind/unbind devices to pci-stub driver while devices are
assigned to KVM guests. Rather than having to track which driver was
originally bound to the driver, a mangement tool can simply:
Guest uses device
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Current pci_common_swizzle() seems to have a assumption that
pci_bus->self is NULL on the pci root bus. But it might not be true on
some platforms. Because of this wrong assumption, pci_common_swizzle()
might cause endless loop. We must check pci_bus->parent instead.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Current pci_get_interrupt_pin() seems to have an assumption that
pci_bus->self is NULL on the root pci bus. But it might not be true on
some platforms. Because of this wrong assumption, current
pci_get_interrupt_pin() might cause endless loop. We must check
pci_bus->parent instead.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Current pci_read_bridge_bases() has an assumption that pci_bus->self
is NULL on the pci root bus (It checks pci_bus->self to see if the pci
bus is root bus). But is might not true on some platforms. We must
check pci_bus->parent instead.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Current pci_find_upstream_pcie_bridge() has a wrong assumption that
pci_bus->self is NULL on the root pci bus. But it might not true on
some platforms. Because of this wrong assumption, current
pci_find_upstream_pcie_bridge() might cause endless loop. We must
check pci_bus->parent instead.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Current acpi_get_hp_hw_control_from_firmware() has a assumption that
pci_bus->self is NULL on a PCI root bus. But it might not be true on
some platforms. Because of this wrong assumption, current
acpi_get_hp_hw_control_from_firmware() might cause endless loop. We
must check pci_bus->parent instead.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Current acpi_get_hp_params_from_firmware() has a assumption that
pci_bus->self is NULL on the root pci bus. But it might not true on
some platforms. Because of this wrong assumption, current
acpi_get_hp_params_from_firmware() might cause endless loop. We must
check pci_bus->parent instead.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Implement pm object for the PCI Express port driver in order to use
the new power management framework and reduce the code size.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
pcie_port_device_remove currently calls the remove method of port
drivers twice. Ouch!
We are calling device_for_each_child multiple times for no apparent
reason.
So make it simple. Place put_device and device_unregister into
remove_iter, and throw out the rest. Only call device_for_each_child
once.
The code is simpler and actually works!
Signed-off-by: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@aristanetworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
This closes http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10893
which is a showstopper for X development on alpha.
The generic HAVE_PCI_MMAP code (drivers/pci-sysfs.c) is not
very useful since we have to deal with three different types
of MMIO address spaces: sparse and dense mappings for old
ev4/ev5 machines and "normal" 1:1 MMIO space (bwx) for ev56 and
later.
Also "write combine" mappings are meaningless on alpha - roughly
speaking, alpha does write combining, IO reordering and other
optimizations by default, unless user splits IO accesses
with memory barriers.
I think the cleanest way to deal with resource files on alpha
is to convert the default no-op pci_create_resource_files() and
pci_remove_resource_files() for !HAVE_PCI_MMAP case into __weak
functions and override them with alpha specific ones.
Another alpha hook is needed for "legacy_" resource files
to handle sparse addressing (pci_adjust_legacy_attr).
With the "standard" resourceN files on ev56/ev6 libpciaccess
works "out of the box". Handling of resourceN_sparse/resourceN_dense
files on older machines obviously requires some userland work.
Sparse/dense stuff has been tested on sx164 (pca56/pyxis, normally
uses bwx IO) with the kernel hacked into "cia compatible" mode.
Signed-off-by: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
drivers/pci/hotplug/fakephp.c: In function 'pci_rescan_bus':
drivers/pci/hotplug/fakephp.c:271: warning: passing argument 1 of 'pci_bus_assign_resources' discards qualifiers from pointer target type
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
There is code in msix_capability_init() which, when the requested number
of MSI-X couldn't be allocated, calculates how many MSI-X /could/ be
allocated and returns that to the driver. That allows the driver to then
make a second request, with a number of MSIs that should succeed.
The current code requires the arch code to setup as many msi_descs as it
can, and then return to the generic code. On some platforms the arch
code may already know how many MSI-X it can allocate, before it sets up
any of the msi_descs.
So change the logic such that if the arch code returns a positive error
code, that is taken to be the number of MSI-X that could be allocated.
If the error code is negative we still calculate the number available
using the old method.
Because it's a little subtle, make sure the error return code from
arch_setup_msi_irq() is always negative. That way only implementations
of arch_setup_msi_irqs() need to be careful about returning a positive
error code.
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
With for (busnr = 0; busnr <= end; busnr++) { ... } busnr reaches end + 1
after the loop. So fix the "no busses available" check to look for just
busnr > end rather than >=.
Signed-off-by: Roel Kluin <roel.kluin@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
- Rename pci_osc_control_set() to acpi_pci_osc_control_set() according
to the other API names in drivers/acpi/pci_root.c.
- Move _OSC related definitions to include/linux/acpi.h because _OSC
related API is implemented in drivers/acpi/pci_root.c now.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Tested-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Move PCI _OSC management code from drivers/pci/pci-acpi.c to
drivers/acpi/pci_root.c. The benefits are
- We no longer need struct osc_data and its management code (contents
are moved to struct acpi_pci_root). This simplify the code, and we
no longer care about kmalloc() failure.
- We can make pci_acpi_osc_support() be a static function, which is
called only from drivers/acpi/pci_root.c.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Tested-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Acked-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
For all devices need to do function level reset, currently we need wait for
at least 200ms, which can be too long if we have lots of devices...
The patch checked pending bit before msleep() to skip some unnecessary
sleeping interval.
Signed-off-by: Sheng Yang <sheng@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Let it stay as serial, since it doesn't have subdevice in the form of 0x00PS.
Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Convert usages of pr_debug to dev_dbg and add physical slot name.
Note that we use dev_dbg on the struct pci_bus and still manually
print out the PCI slot number (instead of calling dev_dbg on a
pci_dev) because a struct pci_bus with empty physical slots will
not have any pci_devs.
Reviewed-by: Andrew Patterson <andrew.patterson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Chiang <achiang@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
The cmd_busy field in struct controller takes only two values 0 or
1. So it should be one bit.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Current pciehp disables software notification of adapter presence
changed event and MRL changed event when slot is turned off. Because
of this, there is no way to detect those events on empty slots in the
current pciehp implementation.
According to the past discussion(*), this behavior was introduced to
prevent endless loop that could happen if pcie_isr() runs after power
fault is detected on a certain platform whose stickey power-fault bit
remains on till the slot is powered on again.
(*) http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=20051130135409.A14918%40unix-os.sc.intel.com
I think this endless loop can be avoided using one bit flag that
indicates power fault had been detected, instead of disabling software
notification of adapter present changed event and MRL changed event.
With this patch, we can enable software notification mechanism of
presence changed and MRL changed event on the empty slots again.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Fix possible endless loop in pcie_isr.
Currently, pcie_isr() (interrupt service routine of pciehp) can end up in an
endless loop if the Slot Status register is set again immediately after being
cleared. According to the past discussion (see below URL) this case can happen
if the power fault detected bit is set during handling.
http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/message.php?msg_id=20051130135409.A14918%40unix-os.sc.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Error handling code following a kmalloc should free the allocated data.
Since the subsequent code that could provoke an error does not use the
allocated data, the allocation is just moved below it.
The semantic match that finds the problem is as follows:
(http://www.emn.fr/x-info/coccinelle/)
// <smpl>
@r exists@
local idexpression x;
statement S;
expression E;
identifier f,l;
position p1,p2;
expression *ptr != NULL;
@@
(
if ((x@p1 = \(kmalloc\|kzalloc\|kcalloc\)(...)) == NULL) S
|
x@p1 = \(kmalloc\|kzalloc\|kcalloc\)(...);
...
if (x == NULL) S
)
<... when != x
when != if (...) { <+...x...+> }
x->f = E
...>
(
return \(0\|<+...x...+>\|ptr\);
|
return@p2 ...;
)
@script:python@
p1 << r.p1;
p2 << r.p2;
@@
print "* file: %s kmalloc %s return %s" % (p1[0].file,p1[0].line,p2[0].line)
// </smpl>
Signed-off-by: Julia Lawall <julia@diku.dk>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
According to kerneljanitors todo list all printk calls (beginning
a new line) should have an according KERN_* constant.
Those are the missing pieces here for the pci subsystem.
Signed-off-by: Frank Seidel <frank@f-seidel.de>
Reviewed-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
When removing a bus, 'is_added' should be checked to make sure the
bus has been successfully added by pci_bus_add_child() who will sets
'is_added'.
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhao <yu.zhao@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Weak functions aren't all they're cracked up to be. They lead to
incorrect binaries with some toolchains, they require us to have empty
functions we otherwise wouldn't, and the unused code is not elided
(as of gcc 4.3.2 anyway).
So replace the weak MSI arch hooks with the #define foo foo idiom. We no
longer need empty versions of arch_setup/teardown_msi_irq().
This is less source (by 1 line!), and results in smaller binaries too:
text data bss dec hex filename
9354300 1693916 678424 11726640 b2ef30 build/powerpc/vmlinux-before
9354052 1693852 678424 11726328 b2edf8 build/powerpc/vmlinux-after
Also smaller on x86_64 and arm (iop13xx).
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Barnes <jbarnes@virtuousgeek.org>
Alex Chiang