- Hotplug changes allowing device hot-removal operations to fail
gracefully (instead of crashing the kernel) if they cannot be
carried out completely. From Rafael J Wysocki and Toshi Kani.
- Freezer update from Colin Cross and Mandeep Singh Baines targeted
at making the freezing of tasks a bit less heavy weight operation.
- cpufreq resume fix from Srivatsa S Bhat for a regression introduced
during the 3.10 cycle causing some cpufreq sysfs attributes to
return wrong values to user space after resume.
- New freqdomain_cpus sysfs attribute for the acpi-cpufreq driver to
provide information previously available via related_cpus from
Lan Tianyu.
- cpufreq fixes and cleanups from Viresh Kumar, Jacob Shin,
Heiko Stübner, Xiaoguang Chen, Ezequiel Garcia, Arnd Bergmann, and
Tang Yuantian.
- Fix for an ACPICA regression causing suspend/resume issues to
appear on some systems introduced during the 3.4 development cycle
from Lv Zheng.
- ACPICA fixes and cleanups from Bob Moore, Tomasz Nowicki, Lv Zheng,
Chao Guan, and Zhang Rui.
- New cupidle driver for Xilinx Zynq processors from Michal Simek.
- cpuidle fixes and cleanups from Daniel Lezcano.
- Changes to make suspend/resume work correctly in Xen guests from
Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk.
- ACPI device power management fixes and cleanups from Fengguang Wu
and Rafael J Wysocki.
- ACPI documentation updates from Lv Zheng, Aaron Lu and Hanjun Guo.
- Fix for the IA-64 issue that was the reason for reverting commit
9f29ab1 and updates of the ACPI scan code from Rafael J Wysocki.
- Mechanism for adding CMOS RTC address space handlers from Lan Tianyu
(to allow some EC-related breakage to be fixed on some systems).
- Spec-compliant implementation of acpi_os_get_timer() from
Mika Westerberg.
- Modification of do_acpi_find_child() to execute _STA in order to
to avoid situations in which a pointer to a disabled device object
is returned instead of an enabled one with the same _ADR value.
From Jeff Wu.
- Intel BayTrail PCH (Platform Controller Hub) support for the ACPI
Intel Low-Power Subsystems (LPSS) driver and modificaions of that
driver to work around a couple of known BIOS issues from
Mika Westerberg and Heikki Krogerus.
- EC driver fix from Vasiliy Kulikov to make it use get_user() and
put_user() instead of dereferencing user space pointers blindly.
- Assorted ACPI code cleanups from Bjorn Helgaas, Nicholas Mazzuca and
Toshi Kani.
- Modification of the "runtime idle" helper routine to take the return
values of the callbacks executed by it into account and to call
rpm_suspend() if they return 0, which allows some code bloat
reduction to be done, from Rafael J Wysocki and Alan Stern.
- New trace points for PM QoS from Sahara <keun-o.park@windriver.com>.
- PM QoS documentation update from Lan Tianyu.
- Assorted core PM code cleanups and changes from Bernie Thompson,
Bjorn Helgaas, Julius Werner, and Shuah Khan.
- New devfreq driver for the Exynos5-bus device from Abhilash Kesavan.
- Minor devfreq cleanups, fixes and MAINTAINERS update from
MyungJoo Ham, Abhilash Kesavan, Paul Bolle, Rajagopal Venkat, and
Wei Yongjun.
- OMAP Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) SmartReflex voltage control
driver updates from Andrii Tseglytskyi and Nishanth Menon.
/
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Merge tag 'pm+acpi-3.11-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm
Pull power management and ACPI updates from Rafael Wysocki:
"This time the total number of ACPI commits is slightly greater than
the number of cpufreq commits, but Viresh Kumar (who works on cpufreq)
remains the most active patch submitter.
To me, the most significant change is the addition of offline/online
device operations to the driver core (with the Greg's blessing) and
the related modifications of the ACPI core hotplug code. Next are the
freezer updates from Colin Cross that should make the freezing of
tasks a bit less heavy weight.
We also have a couple of regression fixes, a number of fixes for
issues that have not been identified as regressions, two new drivers
and a bunch of cleanups all over.
Highlights:
- Hotplug changes to support graceful hot-removal failures.
It sometimes is necessary to fail device hot-removal operations
gracefully if they cannot be carried out completely. For example,
if memory from a memory module being hot-removed has been allocated
for the kernel's own use and cannot be moved elsewhere, it's
desirable to fail the hot-removal operation in a graceful way
rather than to crash the kernel, but currenty a success or a kernel
crash are the only possible outcomes of an attempted memory
hot-removal. Needless to say, that is not a very attractive
alternative and it had to be addressed.
However, in order to make it work for memory, I first had to make
it work for CPUs and for this purpose I needed to modify the ACPI
processor driver. It's been split into two parts, a resident one
handling the low-level initialization/cleanup and a modular one
playing the actual driver's role (but it binds to the CPU system
device objects rather than to the ACPI device objects representing
processors). That's been sort of like a live brain surgery on a
patient who's riding a bike.
So this is a little scary, but since we found and fixed a couple of
regressions it caused to happen during the early linux-next testing
(a month ago), nobody has complained.
As a bonus we remove some duplicated ACPI hotplug code, because the
ACPI-based CPU hotplug is now going to use the common ACPI hotplug
code.
- Lighter weight freezing of tasks.
These changes from Colin Cross and Mandeep Singh Baines are
targeted at making the freezing of tasks a bit less heavy weight
operation. They reduce the number of tasks woken up every time
during the freezing, by using the observation that the freezer
simply doesn't need to wake up some of them and wait for them all
to call refrigerator(). The time needed for the freezer to decide
to report a failure is reduced too.
Also reintroduced is the check causing a lockdep warining to
trigger when try_to_freeze() is called with locks held (which is
generally unsafe and shouldn't happen).
- cpufreq updates
First off, a commit from Srivatsa S Bhat fixes a resume regression
introduced during the 3.10 cycle causing some cpufreq sysfs
attributes to return wrong values to user space after resume. The
fix is kind of fresh, but also it's pretty obvious once Srivatsa
has identified the root cause.
Second, we have a new freqdomain_cpus sysfs attribute for the
acpi-cpufreq driver to provide information previously available via
related_cpus. From Lan Tianyu.
Finally, we fix a number of issues, mostly related to the
CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notifier and cpufreq Kconfig options and clean
up some code. The majority of changes from Viresh Kumar with bits
from Jacob Shin, Heiko Stübner, Xiaoguang Chen, Ezequiel Garcia,
Arnd Bergmann, and Tang Yuantian.
- ACPICA update
A usual bunch of updates from the ACPICA upstream.
During the 3.4 cycle we introduced support for ACPI 5 extended
sleep registers, but they are only supposed to be used if the
HW-reduced mode bit is set in the FADT flags and the code attempted
to use them without checking that bit. That caused suspend/resume
regressions to happen on some systems. Fix from Lv Zheng causes
those registers to be used only if the HW-reduced mode bit is set.
Apart from this some other ACPICA bugs are fixed and code cleanups
are made by Bob Moore, Tomasz Nowicki, Lv Zheng, Chao Guan, and
Zhang Rui.
- cpuidle updates
New driver for Xilinx Zynq processors is added by Michal Simek.
Multidriver support simplification, addition of some missing
kerneldoc comments and Kconfig-related fixes come from Daniel
Lezcano.
- ACPI power management updates
Changes to make suspend/resume work correctly in Xen guests from
Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk, sparse warning fix from Fengguang Wu and
cleanups and fixes of the ACPI device power state selection
routine.
- ACPI documentation updates
Some previously missing pieces of ACPI documentation are added by
Lv Zheng and Aaron Lu (hopefully, that will help people to
uderstand how the ACPI subsystem works) and one outdated doc is
updated by Hanjun Guo.
- Assorted ACPI updates
We finally nailed down the IA-64 issue that was the reason for
reverting commit 9f29ab11dd ("ACPI / scan: do not match drivers
against objects having scan handlers"), so we can fix it and move
the ACPI scan handler check added to the ACPI video driver back to
the core.
A mechanism for adding CMOS RTC address space handlers is
introduced by Lan Tianyu to allow some EC-related breakage to be
fixed on some systems.
A spec-compliant implementation of acpi_os_get_timer() is added by
Mika Westerberg.
The evaluation of _STA is added to do_acpi_find_child() to avoid
situations in which a pointer to a disabled device object is
returned instead of an enabled one with the same _ADR value. From
Jeff Wu.
Intel BayTrail PCH (Platform Controller Hub) support is added to
the ACPI driver for Intel Low-Power Subsystems (LPSS) and that
driver is modified to work around a couple of known BIOS issues.
Changes from Mika Westerberg and Heikki Krogerus.
The EC driver is fixed by Vasiliy Kulikov to use get_user() and
put_user() instead of dereferencing user space pointers blindly.
Code cleanups are made by Bjorn Helgaas, Nicholas Mazzuca and Toshi
Kani.
- Assorted power management updates
The "runtime idle" helper routine is changed to take the return
values of the callbacks executed by it into account and to call
rpm_suspend() if they return 0, which allows us to reduce the
overall code bloat a bit (by dropping some code that's not
necessary any more after that modification).
The runtime PM documentation is updated by Alan Stern (to reflect
the "runtime idle" behavior change).
New trace points for PM QoS are added by Sahara
(<keun-o.park@windriver.com>).
PM QoS documentation is updated by Lan Tianyu.
Code cleanups are made and minor issues are addressed by Bernie
Thompson, Bjorn Helgaas, Julius Werner, and Shuah Khan.
- devfreq updates
New driver for the Exynos5-bus device from Abhilash Kesavan.
Minor cleanups, fixes and MAINTAINERS update from MyungJoo Ham,
Abhilash Kesavan, Paul Bolle, Rajagopal Venkat, and Wei Yongjun.
- OMAP power management updates
Adaptive Voltage Scaling (AVS) SmartReflex voltage control driver
updates from Andrii Tseglytskyi and Nishanth Menon."
* tag 'pm+acpi-3.11-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm: (162 commits)
cpufreq: Fix cpufreq regression after suspend/resume
ACPI / PM: Fix possible NULL pointer deref in acpi_pm_device_sleep_state()
PM / Sleep: Warn about system time after resume with pm_trace
cpufreq: don't leave stale policy pointer in cdbs->cur_policy
acpi-cpufreq: Add new sysfs attribute freqdomain_cpus
cpufreq: make sure frequency transitions are serialized
ACPI: implement acpi_os_get_timer() according the spec
ACPI / EC: Add HP Folio 13 to ec_dmi_table in order to skip DSDT scan
ACPI: Add CMOS RTC Operation Region handler support
ACPI / processor: Drop unused variable from processor_perflib.c
cpufreq: tegra: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: s3c64xx: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: omap: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: imx6q: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: exynos: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: dbx500: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: davinci: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: arm-big-little: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: powernow-k8: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
cpufreq: pcc: call CPUFREQ_POSTCHANGE notfier in error cases
...
As reported by Dave Hansen, sysfs cpu/online shows 1 for
offlined CPUs at boot.
Fix this problem by initializing dev.offline with cpu_online()
when registering a CPU.
References: https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/5/29/403
Reported-and-tested-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
It fixes race between udev and hotplugged CPU registration by defining
"online" attribute statically, so that device_add() would create it
before notifying udev about new CPU.
Original issue report is at https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/4/30/198
"
> On Mon, Apr 30, 2012 at 11:36:23AM -0400, Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk wrote:
> > Hey Greg,
> >
> > Hoping you can help with some guidance on how to fix this.
> >
> > The issue is with CPU hotplug is that when a CPU goes up
> > it calls 'arch_register_cpu' which eventually calls
> > register_cpu. That function does these two things:
> >
> > 251 error = device_register(&cpu->dev);
> > 252 if (!error && cpu->hotpluggable)
> > 253 register_cpu_control(cpu);
> >
> > and the device_register creates a nice little SysFS directory:
> >
> > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu2/ which at line 251 has the 'add' attribute
> > but no 'online' attribute. udev then tries to echo 1 to the 'online'
> > and it we get:
> > udevd-work[2421]: error opening ATTR{/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu2/online} for writing: No such file or directory
> >
> > Line 253 creates said 'online' and at that time udev [or the system admin]
> > can write 1 to 'online' and the CPU goes up.
> >
> > So .. any thoughts? Is there some way to inhibit from uevent being sent
> > until line 253 has run?
"
Signed-off-by: Igor Mammedov <imammedo@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
"crash_notes" and "crash_notes_size" are dynamically created
with device_create_file() but aren't deleted anywhere.
Define "crash_notes" and "crash_notes_size" statically via
attribute groups so that device_register would create them
automatically and files would be destroyed when CPU is destroyed.
Signed-off-by: Igor Mammedov <imammedo@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Split the ACPI processor driver into two parts, one that is
non-modular, resides in the ACPI core and handles the enumeration
and hotplug of processors and one that implements the rest of the
existing processor driver functionality.
The non-modular part uses an ACPI scan handler object to enumerate
processors on the basis of information provided by the ACPI namespace
and to hook up with the common ACPI hotplug infrastructure. It also
populates the ACPI handle of each processor device having a
corresponding object in the ACPI namespace, which allows the driver
proper to bind to those devices, and makes the driver bind to them
if it is readily available (i.e. loaded) when the scan handler's
.attach() routine is running.
There are a few reasons to make this change.
First, switching the ACPI processor driver to using the common ACPI
hotplug infrastructure reduces code duplication and size considerably,
even though a new file is created along with a header comment etc.
Second, since the common hotplug code attempts to offline devices
before starting the (non-reversible) removal procedure, it will abort
(and possibly roll back) hot-remove operations involving processors
if cpu_down() returns an error code for one of them instead of
continuing them blindly (if /sys/firmware/acpi/hotplug/force_remove
is unset). That is a more desirable behavior than what the current
code does.
Finally, the separation of the scan/hotplug part from the driver
proper makes it possible to simplify the driver's .remove() routine,
because it doesn't need to worry about the possible cleanup related
to processor removal any more (the scan/hotplug part is responsible
for that now) and can handle device removal and driver removal
symmetricaly (i.e. as appropriate).
Some user-visible changes in sysfs are made (for example, the
'sysdev' link from the ACPI device node to the processor device's
directory is gone and a 'physical_node' link is present instead
and a corresponding 'firmware_node' is present in the processor
device's directory, the processor driver is now visible under
/sys/bus/cpu/drivers/ and bound to the processor device), but
that shouldn't affect the functionality that users care about
(frequency scaling, C-states and thermal management).
Tested on my venerable Toshiba Portege R500.
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
Rework the CPU hotplug code in drivers/base/cpu.c to use the
generic offline/online support introduced previously instead of
its own CPU-specific code.
For this purpose, modify cpu_subsys to provide offline and online
callbacks for CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU set and remove the code handling
the CPU-specific 'online' sysfs attribute.
This modification is not supposed to change the user-observable
behavior of the kernel (i.e. the 'online' attribute will be present
in exactly the same place in sysfs and should trigger exactly the
same actions as before).
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com>
commit eca4549f57 "sysfs: Add crash_notes_size to export percpu
note size" adds a printk that outputs a size_t value as %lu
when it should be %zu, resulting in this warning.
drivers/base/cpu.c: In function 'show_crash_notes_size':
drivers/base/cpu.c:142:2: warning: format '%lu' expects argument of type 'long unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'unsigned int' [-Wformat=]
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Simon Horman <horms@verge.net.au>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
For percpu notes, we are exporting only address and not size. So
the userspace tool kexec-tools is putting an upper limit of 1024
and putting the value in p_memsz and p_filesz fields. So the patch
add the new sysfile crash_notes_size to export the exact percpu
note size and let the kexec-tools parse it intead of using 1024.
The idea came from Vivek Goyal. And a later patch will be sent to
kexec-tools to let it parse the size.
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Simon Horman <horms@verge.net.au>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
[ We should make fun of people who can't speel too, but then we'd have
no time for any real work at all - Linus ]
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It's been broken forever (i.e. it's not scheduling in a power
aware fashion), as reported by Suresh and others sending
patches, and nobody cares enough to fix it properly ...
so remove it to make space free for something better.
There's various problems with the code as it stands today, first
and foremost the user interface which is bound to topology
levels and has multiple values per level. This results in a
state explosion which the administrator or distro needs to
master and almost nobody does.
Furthermore large configuration state spaces aren't good, it
means the thing doesn't just work right because it's either
under so many impossibe to meet constraints, or even if
there's an achievable state workloads have to be aware of
it precisely and can never meet it for dynamic workloads.
So pushing this kind of decision to user-space was a bad idea
even with a single knob - it's exponentially worse with knobs
on every node of the topology.
There is a proposal to replace the user interface with a single
3 state knob:
sched_balance_policy := { performance, power, auto }
where 'auto' would be the preferred default which looks at things
like Battery/AC mode and possible cpufreq state or whatever the hw
exposes to show us power use expectations - but there's been no
progress on it in the past many months.
Aside from that, the actual implementation of the various knobs
is known to be broken. There have been sporadic attempts at
fixing things but these always stop short of reaching a mergable
state.
Therefore this wholesale removal with the hopes of spurring
people who care to come forward once again and work on a
coherent replacement.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Vincent Guittot <vincent.guittot@linaro.org>
Cc: Vaidyanathan Srinivasan <svaidy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1326104915.2442.53.camel@twins
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Due to the sysdev conversion to struct device, the cpu objects get
reused when adding a cpu after offlining it, which causes a big warning
that the kobject portion is not properly initialized.
So clear out the object before we register it again, so all is quiet.
Reported-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
With the movement of the cpu sysdev code to be real stuct devices, now
when we remove a cpu from the system, the driver core rightfully
complains that there is not a release method for this device.
For now, paper over this issue by quieting the driver core, but comment
this in detail. This will be resolved in future kernels to be solved
properly.
Reported-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
This patch is based on Andi Kleen's work:
Implement autoprobing/loading of modules serving CPU
specific features (x86cpu autoloading).
And Kay Siever's work to get rid of sysdev cpu structures
and making use of struct device instead.
Before, the cpuid driver had to be loaded to get the x86cpu
autoloading feature. With this patch autoloading works through
the /sys/devices/system/cpu object
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de>
Acked-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
frv, h8300, m68k, microblaze, openrisc, score, um and xtensa currently
do not register a CPU device. Add the config option GENERIC_CPU_DEVICES
which causes a generic CPU device to be registered for each present CPU,
and make all these architectures select it.
Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at> covered UML and suggested using
per_cpu.
Signed-off-by: Ben Hutchings <ben@decadent.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
cpu_dev_init() is only called from driver_init(), which does not check
its return value. Therefore make cpu_dev_init() return void.
We must register the CPU subsystem, so panic if this fails.
If sched_create_sysfs_power_savings_entries() fails, the damage is
contained, so ignore this (as before).
Signed-off-by: Ben Hutchings <ben@decadent.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'driver-core-next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-core: (73 commits)
arm: fix up some samsung merge sysdev conversion problems
firmware: Fix an oops on reading fw_priv->fw in sysfs loading file
Drivers:hv: Fix a bug in vmbus_driver_unregister()
driver core: remove __must_check from device_create_file
debugfs: add missing #ifdef HAS_IOMEM
arm: time.h: remove device.h #include
driver-core: remove sysdev.h usage.
clockevents: remove sysdev.h
arm: convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
arm: leds: convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
kobject: remove kset_find_obj_hinted()
m86k: gpio - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
mips: txx9_sram - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
mips: 7segled - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
sh: dma - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
sh: intc - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
power: suspend - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
power: qe_ic - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
power: cmm - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
s390: time - convert sysdev_class to a regular subsystem
...
Fix up conflicts with 'struct sysdev' removal from various platform
drivers that got changed:
- arch/arm/mach-exynos/cpu.c
- arch/arm/mach-exynos/irq-eint.c
- arch/arm/mach-s3c64xx/common.c
- arch/arm/mach-s3c64xx/cpu.c
- arch/arm/mach-s5p64x0/cpu.c
- arch/arm/mach-s5pv210/common.c
- arch/arm/plat-samsung/include/plat/cpu.h
- arch/powerpc/kernel/sysfs.c
and fix up cpu_is_hotpluggable() as per Greg in include/linux/cpu.h
This moves the 'cpu sysdev_class' over to a regular 'cpu' subsystem
and converts the devices to regular devices. The sysdev drivers are
implemented as subsystem interfaces now.
After all sysdev classes are ported to regular driver core entities, the
sysdev implementation will be entirely removed from the kernel.
Userspace relies on events and generic sysfs subsystem infrastructure
from sysdev devices, which are made available with this conversion.
Cc: Haavard Skinnemoen <hskinnemoen@gmail.com>
Cc: Hans-Christian Egtvedt <egtvedt@samfundet.no>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@amd64.org>
Cc: Tigran Aivazian <tigran@aivazian.fsnet.co.uk>
Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
Cc: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: "Srivatsa S. Bhat" <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
When architectures register CPUs, they indicate whether the CPU allows
hotplugging; notably, x86 and ARM don't allow hotplugging CPU 0.
Userspace can easily query the hotpluggability of a CPU via sysfs;
however, the kernel has no convenient way of accessing that property in
an architecture-independent way. While the kernel can simply try it and
see, some code needs to distinguish between "hotplug failed" and
"hotplug has no hope of working on this CPU"; for example, rcutorture's
CPU hotplug tests want to avoid drowning out real hotplug failures with
expected failures.
Expose this property via a new cpu_is_hotpluggable function, so that the
rest of the kernel can access it in an architecture-independent way.
Signed-off-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Without CONFIG_CPUMASK_OFFSTACK, simply inverting cpu_online_mask leads
to CPUs beyond nr_cpu_ids to be displayed twice and CPUs not even
possible to be displayed as offline.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: stable <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
This fixes these warnings:
drivers/base/cpu.c:264: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
drivers/base/cpu.c:265: warning: initialization from incompatible pointer type
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
These should be sysdev attributes, not class attributes. This patch
should resolve the problem.
Thanks to Stephen Rothwell for pointing out the problem.
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Passing the attribute to the low level IO functions allows all kinds
of cleanups, by sharing low level IO code without requiring
an own function for every piece of data.
Also drivers can extend the attributes with own data fields
and use that in the low level function.
This makes the class attributes the same as sysdev_class attributes
and plain attributes.
This will allow further cleanups in drivers.
Full tree sweep converting all users.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Use sysdev_class attribute arrays in node driver
Convert the node driver to sysdev_class attribute arrays. This
greatly cleans up the code and remove a lot of code.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Using the new attribute argument convert the cpu driver class attributes
to carry the node state. Then use a shared function to do what a lot of
individual functions did before.
This eliminates an ugly macro.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Passing the attribute to the low level IO functions allows all kinds
of cleanups, by sharing low level IO code without requiring
an own function for every piece of data.
Also drivers can extend the attributes with own data fields
and use that in the low level function.
Similar to sysdev_attributes and normal attributes.
This is a tree-wide sweep, converting everything in one go.
No functional changes in this patch other than passing the new
argument everywhere.
Tested on x86, the non x86 parts are uncompiled.
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu: (34 commits)
m68k: rename global variable vmalloc_end to m68k_vmalloc_end
percpu: add missing per_cpu_ptr_to_phys() definition for UP
percpu: Fix kdump failure if booted with percpu_alloc=page
percpu: make misc percpu symbols unique
percpu: make percpu symbols in ia64 unique
percpu: make percpu symbols in powerpc unique
percpu: make percpu symbols in x86 unique
percpu: make percpu symbols in xen unique
percpu: make percpu symbols in cpufreq unique
percpu: make percpu symbols in oprofile unique
percpu: make percpu symbols in tracer unique
percpu: make percpu symbols under kernel/ and mm/ unique
percpu: remove some sparse warnings
percpu: make alloc_percpu() handle array types
vmalloc: fix use of non-existent percpu variable in put_cpu_var()
this_cpu: Use this_cpu_xx in trace_functions_graph.c
this_cpu: Use this_cpu_xx for ftrace
this_cpu: Use this_cpu_xx in nmi handling
this_cpu: Use this_cpu operations in RCU
this_cpu: Use this_cpu ops for VM statistics
...
Fix up trivial (famous last words) global per-cpu naming conflicts in
arch/x86/kvm/svm.c
mm/slab.c
Currently the cpu-allocation/deallocation process comprises of two steps:
- Set the indicators and to update the device tree with DLPAR node
information.
- Online/offline the allocated/deallocated CPU.
This is achieved by writing to the sysfs tunables "probe" during allocation
and "release" during deallocation.
At the sametime, the userspace can independently online/offline the CPUs of
the system using the sysfs tunable "online".
It is quite possible that when a userspace tool offlines a CPU
for the purpose of deallocation and is in the process of updating the device
tree, some other userspace tool could bring the CPU back online by writing to
the "online" sysfs tunable thereby causing the deallocate process to fail.
The solution to this is to serialize writes to the "probe/release" sysfs
tunable with the writes to the "online" sysfs tunable.
This patch employs a mutex to provide this serialization, which is a no-op on
all architectures except PPC_PSERIES
Signed-off-by: Gautham R Shenoy <ego@in.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Vaidyanathan Srinivasan <svaidy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Version 3 of this patch is updated with documentation added to
Documentation/ABI. There are no changes to any of the C code from v2
of the patch.
In order to support kernel DLPAR of CPU resources we need to provide an
interface to add (probe) and remove (release) the resource from the system.
This patch Creates new generic probe and release sysfs files to facilitate
cpu probe/release. The probe/release interface provides for allowing each
arch to supply their own routines for implementing the backend of adding
and removing cpus to/from the system.
This also creates the powerpc specific stubs to handle the arch callouts
from writes to the sysfs files.
The creation and use of these files is regulated by the
CONFIG_ARCH_CPU_PROBE_RELEASE option so that only architectures that need the
capability will have the files created.
Signed-off-by: Nathan Fontenot <nfont@austin.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
o kdump functionality reserves a per cpu area at boot time and exports the
physical address of that area to user space through sys interface. This
area stores some dump related information like cpu register states etc
at the time of crash.
o We were assuming that per cpu area always come from linearly mapped meory
region and using __pa() to determine physical address.
With percpu_alloc=page, per cpu area can come from vmalloc region also and
__pa() breaks.
o This patch implments a new function to convert per cpu address to
physical address.
Before the patch, crash_notes addresses looked as follows.
cpu0 60fffff49800
cpu1 60fffff60800
cpu2 60fffff77800
These are bogus phsyical addresses.
After the patch, address are following.
cpu0 13eb44000
cpu1 13eb43000
cpu2 13eb42000
cpu3 13eb41000
These look fine. I got 4G of memory and /proc/iomem tell me following.
100000000-13fffffff : System RAM
tj: * added missing asm/io.h include reported by Stephen Rothwell
* repositioned per_cpu_ptr_phys() in percpu.c and added comment.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Impact: cleanup
Time to clean up remaining laggards using the old cpu_ functions.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com
Impact: use new cpumask API.
Convert misc driver functions to use struct cpumask.
To Do:
- Convert iucv_buffer_cpumask to cpumask_var_t.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Dean Nelson <dcn@sgi.com>
Cc: Robert Richter <robert.richter@amd.com>
Cc: oprofile-list@lists.sf.net
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@xensource.com>
Cc: Chris Wright <chrisw@sous-sol.org>
Cc: virtualization@lists.osdl.org
Cc: xen-devel@lists.xensource.com
Cc: Ursula Braun <ursula.braun@de.ibm.com>
Cc: linux390@de.ibm.com
Cc: linux-s390@vger.kernel.org
CONFIG_NR_CPUS will be defined for all arch's whether SMP or not, but
it may not have made it into all arches yet.
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: add new sysfs files.
Add sysfs files "kernel_max" and "offline" to display the max CPU index
allowed (NR_CPUS-1), and the map of cpus that are offline.
Cpus can be offlined via HOTPLUG, disabled by the BIOS ACPI tables, or
if they exceed the number of cpus allowed by the NR_CPUS config option,
or the "maxcpus=NUM" kernel start parameter.
The "possible_cpus=NUM" parameter can also extend the number of possible
cpus allowed, in which case the cpus not present at startup will be
in the offline state. (These cpus can be HOTPLUGGED ON after system
startup [pending a follow-on patch to provide the capability via the
/sys/devices/sys/cpu/cpuN/online mechanism to bring them online.])
By design, the "offlined cpus > possible cpus" display will always
use the following formats:
* all possible cpus online: "x$" or "x-y$"
* some possible cpus offline: ".*,x$" or ".*,x-y$"
where:
x == number of possible cpus (nr_cpu_ids); and
y == number of cpus >= NR_CPUS or maxcpus (if y > x).
One use of this feature is for distros to select (or configure) the
appropriate kernel to install for the resident system.
Notes:
* cpus offlined <= possible cpus will be printed for all architectures.
* cpus offlined > possible cpus will only be printed for arches that
set 'total_cpus' [X86 only in this patch].
Based on tip/cpus4096 + .../rusty/linux-2.6-for-ingo.git/master +
x86-only-patches sent 12/15.
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Impact: change calling convention of existing cpumask APIs
Most cpumask functions started with cpus_: these have been replaced by
cpumask_ ones which take struct cpumask pointers as expected.
These four functions don't have good replacement names; fortunately
they're rarely used, so we just change them over.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: paulus@samba.org
Cc: mingo@redhat.com
Cc: tony.luck@intel.com
Cc: ralf@linux-mips.org
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Cc: cl@linux-foundation.org
Cc: srostedt@redhat.com
* 'cpus4096-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (31 commits)
NR_CPUS: Replace NR_CPUS in speedstep-centrino.c
cpumask: Provide a generic set of CPUMASK_ALLOC macros, FIXUP
NR_CPUS: Replace NR_CPUS in cpufreq userspace routines
NR_CPUS: Replace per_cpu(..., smp_processor_id()) with __get_cpu_var
NR_CPUS: Replace NR_CPUS in arch/x86/kernel/genapic_flat_64.c
NR_CPUS: Replace NR_CPUS in arch/x86/kernel/genx2apic_uv_x.c
NR_CPUS: Replace NR_CPUS in arch/x86/kernel/cpu/proc.c
NR_CPUS: Replace NR_CPUS in arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mcheck/mce_64.c
cpumask: Optimize cpumask_of_cpu in lib/smp_processor_id.c, fix
cpumask: Use optimized CPUMASK_ALLOC macros in the centrino_target
cpumask: Provide a generic set of CPUMASK_ALLOC macros
cpumask: Optimize cpumask_of_cpu in lib/smp_processor_id.c
cpumask: Optimize cpumask_of_cpu in kernel/time/tick-common.c
cpumask: Optimize cpumask_of_cpu in drivers/misc/sgi-xp/xpc_main.c
cpumask: Optimize cpumask_of_cpu in arch/x86/kernel/ldt.c
cpumask: Optimize cpumask_of_cpu in arch/x86/kernel/io_apic_64.c
cpumask: Replace cpumask_of_cpu with cpumask_of_cpu_ptr
Revert "cpumask: introduce new APIs"
cpumask: make for_each_cpu_mask a bit smaller
net: Pass reference to cpumask variable in net/sunrpc/svc.c
...
Fix up trivial conflicts in drivers/cpufreq/cpufreq.c manually
This allow to dynamically generate attributes and share show/store
functions between attributes. Right now most attributes are generated
by special macros and lots of duplicated code. With the attribute
passed it's instead possible to attach some data to the attribute
and then use that in shared low level functions to do different things.
I need this for the dynamically generated bank attributes in the x86
machine check code, but it'll allow some further cleanups.
I converted all users in tree to the new show/store prototype. It's a single
huge patch to avoid unbisectable sections.
Runtime tested: x86-32, x86-64
Compiled only: ia64, powerpc
Not compile tested/only grep converted: sh, arm, avr32
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
This patch makes the following needlessly global code static:
- attr_online_map
- attr_possible_map
- attr_present_map
- cpu_state_attr [v2]
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gregkh/driver-2.6: (36 commits)
SCSI: convert struct class_device to struct device
DRM: remove unused dev_class
IB: rename "dev" to "srp_dev" in srp_host structure
IB: convert struct class_device to struct device
memstick: convert struct class_device to struct device
driver core: replace remaining __FUNCTION__ occurrences
sysfs: refill attribute buffer when reading from offset 0
PM: Remove destroy_suspended_device()
Firmware: add iSCSI iBFT Support
PM: Remove legacy PM (fix)
Kobject: Replace list_for_each() with list_for_each_entry().
SYSFS: Explicitly include required header file slab.h.
Driver core: make device_is_registered() work for class devices
PM: Convert wakeup flag accessors to inline functions
PM: Make wakeup flags available whenever CONFIG_PM is set
PM: Fix misuse of wakeup flag accessors in serial core
Driver core: Call device_pm_add() after bus_add_device() in device_add()
PM: Handle device registrations during suspend/resume
block: send disk "change" event for rescan_partitions()
sysdev: detect multiple driver registrations
...
Fixed trivial conflict in include/linux/memory.h due to semaphore header
file change (made irrelevant by the change to mutex).
Fix following warning:
WARNING: vmlinux.o(.text+0x64609c): Section mismatch in reference from the function store_online() to the function .cpuinit.text:cpu_up()
store_online() is defined inside a HOTPLUG_CPU block so references are OK.
Ignore references by annotating store_online() with __ref.
Note: This is needed because cpu_up() most likely should not have been
__cpuinit but all the hotplug cpu code misuses the __cpuinit annotation.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
* Add cpu_sysdev_class functions to display the following maps
with cpulist_scnprintf().
cpu_online_map
cpu_present_map
cpu_possible_map
* Small change to include/linux/sysdev.h to allow the attribute
name and label to be different (to avoid collision with the
"attr_online" entry for bringing cpus on- and off-line.)
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Is there some reason why register_cpu() is __devinit instead of __cpuinit ?
Make it __cpuinit.
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All kobjects require a dynamically allocated name now. We no longer
need to keep track if the name is statically assigned, we can just
unconditionally free() all kobject names on cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Is there a reason why the "online" file in the subdirectories for the CPUs
in /sys/devices/system isn't world-readable? I cannot imagine it to be
security relevant especially now that a getcpu() syscall can be used to
determine what CPUa thread runs on.
The file is useful to correctly implement the sysconf() function to return
the number of online CPUs. In the presence of hotplug we currently cannot
provide this information. The patch below should to it.
Signed-off-by: Ulrich Drepper <drepper@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Change the 'no_control' field in the cpu struct to a more positive
and better term 'hotpluggable'. And change(/cleanup) the logic accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: "Li, Shaohua" <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Linus Torvalds