Testing from the XFS folk revealed that there is still too much I/O from
the end of the LRU in kswapd. Previously it was considered acceptable by
VM people for a small number of pages to be written back from reclaim with
testing generally showing about 0.3% of pages reclaimed were written back
(higher if memory was low). That writing back a small number of pages is
ok has been heavily disputed for quite some time and Dave Chinner
explained it well;
It doesn't have to be a very high number to be a problem. IO
is orders of magnitude slower than the CPU time it takes to
flush a page, so the cost of making a bad flush decision is
very high. And single page writeback from the LRU is almost
always a bad flush decision.
To complicate matters, filesystems respond very differently to requests
from reclaim according to Christoph Hellwig;
xfs tries to write it back if the requester is kswapd
ext4 ignores the request if it's a delayed allocation
btrfs ignores the request
As a result, each filesystem has different performance characteristics
when under memory pressure and there are many pages being dirtied. In
some cases, the request is ignored entirely so the VM cannot depend on the
IO being dispatched.
The objective of this series is to reduce writing of filesystem-backed
pages from reclaim, play nicely with writeback that is already in progress
and throttle reclaim appropriately when writeback pages are encountered.
The assumption is that the flushers will always write pages faster than if
reclaim issues the IO.
A secondary goal is to avoid the problem whereby direct reclaim splices
two potentially deep call stacks together.
There is a potential new problem as reclaim has less control over how long
before a page in a particularly zone or container is cleaned and direct
reclaimers depend on kswapd or flusher threads to do the necessary work.
However, as filesystems sometimes ignore direct reclaim requests already,
it is not expected to be a serious issue.
Patch 1 disables writeback of filesystem pages from direct reclaim
entirely. Anonymous pages are still written.
Patch 2 removes dead code in lumpy reclaim as it is no longer able
to synchronously write pages. This hurts lumpy reclaim but
there is an expectation that compaction is used for hugepage
allocations these days and lumpy reclaim's days are numbered.
Patches 3-4 add warnings to XFS and ext4 if called from
direct reclaim. With patch 1, this "never happens" and is
intended to catch regressions in this logic in the future.
Patch 5 disables writeback of filesystem pages from kswapd unless
the priority is raised to the point where kswapd is considered
to be in trouble.
Patch 6 throttles reclaimers if too many dirty pages are being
encountered and the zones or backing devices are congested.
Patch 7 invalidates dirty pages found at the end of the LRU so they
are reclaimed quickly after being written back rather than
waiting for a reclaimer to find them
I consider this series to be orthogonal to the writeback work but it is
worth noting that the writeback work affects the viability of patch 8 in
particular.
I tested this on ext4 and xfs using fs_mark, a simple writeback test based
on dd and a micro benchmark that does a streaming write to a large mapping
(exercises use-once LRU logic) followed by streaming writes to a mix of
anonymous and file-backed mappings. The command line for fs_mark when
botted with 512M looked something like
./fs_mark -d /tmp/fsmark-2676 -D 100 -N 150 -n 150 -L 25 -t 1 -S0 -s 10485760
The number of files was adjusted depending on the amount of available
memory so that the files created was about 3xRAM. For multiple threads,
the -d switch is specified multiple times.
The test machine is x86-64 with an older generation of AMD processor with
4 cores. The underlying storage was 4 disks configured as RAID-0 as this
was the best configuration of storage I had available. Swap is on a
separate disk. Dirty ratio was tuned to 40% instead of the default of
20%.
Testing was run with and without monitors to both verify that the patches
were operating as expected and that any performance gain was real and not
due to interference from monitors.
Here is a summary of results based on testing XFS.
512M1P-xfs Files/s mean 32.69 ( 0.00%) 34.44 ( 5.08%)
512M1P-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 51.41 48.29
512M1P-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 114.09 108.61
512M1P-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 113.46 109.34
512M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 62% 63%
512M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 56% 61%
512M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 44% 42%
512M-xfs Files/s mean 30.78 ( 0.00%) 35.94 (14.36%)
512M-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 56.08 48.90
512M-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 112.22 98.13
512M-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 219.15 196.67
512M-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 54% 56%
512M-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 54% 55%
512M-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 45% 44%
512M-4X-xfs Files/s mean 30.31 ( 0.00%) 33.33 ( 9.06%)
512M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 63.26 55.88
512M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 100.90 90.25
512M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 261.73 255.38
512M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 49% 50%
512M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 54% 56%
512M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 37% 36%
512M-16X-xfs Files/s mean 60.89 ( 0.00%) 65.22 ( 6.64%)
512M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 67.47 58.25
512M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 103.22 90.89
512M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 237.09 198.82
512M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 45% 46%
512M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 53% 55%
512M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 33% 33%
Up until 512-4X, the FSmark improvements were statistically significant.
For the 4X and 16X tests the results were within standard deviations but
just barely. The time to completion for all tests is improved which is an
important result. In general, kswapd efficiency is not affected by
skipping dirty pages.
1024M1P-xfs Files/s mean 39.09 ( 0.00%) 41.15 ( 5.01%)
1024M1P-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 84.14 80.41
1024M1P-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 210.77 184.78
1024M1P-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 162.00 160.34
1024M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 69% 75%
1024M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 71% 77%
1024M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 43% 44%
1024M-xfs Files/s mean 35.45 ( 0.00%) 37.00 ( 4.19%)
1024M-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 94.59 91.00
1024M-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 229.84 195.08
1024M-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 405.38 440.29
1024M-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 79% 71%
1024M-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 74% 74%
1024M-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 39% 42%
1024M-4X-xfs Files/s mean 32.63 ( 0.00%) 35.05 ( 6.90%)
1024M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 103.33 97.74
1024M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 204.48 178.57
1024M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 528.38 511.88
1024M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 81% 70%
1024M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 73% 72%
1024M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 39% 38%
1024M-16X-xfs Files/s mean 42.65 ( 0.00%) 42.97 ( 0.74%)
1024M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 103.11 99.11
1024M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 200.83 178.24
1024M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 397.35 459.82
1024M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 84% 69%
1024M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 74% 73%
1024M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 39% 40%
All FSMark tests up to 16X had statistically significant improvements.
For the most part, tests are completing faster with the exception of the
streaming writes to a mixture of anonymous and file-backed mappings which
were slower in two cases
In the cases where the mmap-strm tests were slower, there was more
swapping due to dirty pages being skipped. The number of additional pages
swapped is almost identical to the fewer number of pages written from
reclaim. In other words, roughly the same number of pages were reclaimed
but swapping was slower. As the test is a bit unrealistic and stresses
memory heavily, the small shift is acceptable.
4608M1P-xfs Files/s mean 29.75 ( 0.00%) 30.96 ( 3.91%)
4608M1P-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 512.01 492.15
4608M1P-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 618.18 566.24
4608M1P-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 488.05 465.07
4608M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 93% 86%
4608M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 88% 84%
4608M1P-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 46% 45%
4608M-xfs Files/s mean 27.60 ( 0.00%) 28.85 ( 4.33%)
4608M-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 555.96 532.34
4608M-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 659.72 571.85
4608M-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 1082.57 1146.38
4608M-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 89% 91%
4608M-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 88% 82%
4608M-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 48% 46%
4608M-4X-xfs Files/s mean 26.00 ( 0.00%) 27.47 ( 5.35%)
4608M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 592.91 564.00
4608M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 616.65 575.07
4608M-4X-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 1773.02 1631.53
4608M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 90% 94%
4608M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 87% 82%
4608M-4X-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 43% 43%
4608M-16X-xfs Files/s mean 26.07 ( 0.00%) 26.42 ( 1.32%)
4608M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 602.69 585.78
4608M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 606.60 573.81
4608M-16X-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 1549.75 1441.86
4608M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 98% 98%
4608M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 88% 82%
4608M-16X-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 44% 42%
Unlike the other tests, the fsmark results are not statistically
significant but the min and max times are both improved and for the most
part, tests completed faster.
There are other indications that this is an improvement as well. For
example, in the vast majority of cases, there were fewer pages scanned by
direct reclaim implying in many cases that stalls due to direct reclaim
are reduced. KSwapd is scanning more due to skipping dirty pages which is
unfortunate but the CPU usage is still acceptable
In an earlier set of tests, I used blktrace and in almost all cases
throughput throughout the entire test was higher. However, I ended up
discarding those results as recording blktrace data was too heavy for my
liking.
On a laptop, I plugged in a USB stick and ran a similar tests of tests
using it as backing storage. A desktop environment was running and for
the entire duration of the tests, firefox and gnome terminal were
launching and exiting to vaguely simulate a user.
1024M-xfs Files/s mean 0.41 ( 0.00%) 0.44 ( 6.82%)
1024M-xfs Elapsed Time fsmark 2053.52 1641.03
1024M-xfs Elapsed Time simple-wb 1229.53 768.05
1024M-xfs Elapsed Time mmap-strm 4126.44 4597.03
1024M-xfs Kswapd efficiency fsmark 84% 85%
1024M-xfs Kswapd efficiency simple-wb 92% 81%
1024M-xfs Kswapd efficiency mmap-strm 60% 51%
1024M-xfs Avg wait ms fsmark 5404.53 4473.87
1024M-xfs Avg wait ms simple-wb 2541.35 1453.54
1024M-xfs Avg wait ms mmap-strm 3400.25 3852.53
The mmap-strm results were hurt because firefox launching had a tendency
to push the test out of memory. On the postive side, firefox launched
marginally faster with the patches applied. Time to completion for many
tests was faster but more importantly - the "Avg wait" time as measured by
iostat was far lower implying the system would be more responsive. It was
also the case that "Avg wait ms" on the root filesystem was lower. I
tested it manually and while the system felt slightly more responsive
while copying data to a USB stick, it was marginal enough that it could be
my imagination.
This patch: do not writeback filesystem pages in direct reclaim.
When kswapd is failing to keep zones above the min watermark, a process
will enter direct reclaim in the same manner kswapd does. If a dirty page
is encountered during the scan, this page is written to backing storage
using mapping->writepage.
This causes two problems. First, it can result in very deep call stacks,
particularly if the target storage or filesystem are complex. Some
filesystems ignore write requests from direct reclaim as a result. The
second is that a single-page flush is inefficient in terms of IO. While
there is an expectation that the elevator will merge requests, this does
not always happen. Quoting Christoph Hellwig;
The elevator has a relatively small window it can operate on,
and can never fix up a bad large scale writeback pattern.
This patch prevents direct reclaim writing back filesystem pages by
checking if current is kswapd. Anonymous pages are still written to swap
as there is not the equivalent of a flusher thread for anonymous pages.
If the dirty pages cannot be written back, they are placed back on the LRU
lists. There is now a direct dependency on dirty page balancing to
prevent too many pages in the system being dirtied which would prevent
reclaim making forward progress.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The vmstat_text array is only defined for CONFIG_SYSFS or CONFIG_PROC_FS,
yet it is referenced for per-node vmstat with CONFIG_NUMA:
drivers/built-in.o: In function `node_read_vmstat':
node.c:(.text+0x1106df): undefined reference to `vmstat_text'
Introduced in commit fa25c503df ("mm: per-node vmstat: show proper
vmstats").
Define the array for CONFIG_NUMA as well.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unneeded ifdefs]
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reported-by: Cong Wang <amwang@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@xenotime.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I found it difficult to make sense of transparent huge pages without
having any counters for its actions. Add some counters to vmstat for
allocation of transparent hugepages and fallback to smaller pages.
Optional patch, but useful for development and understanding the system.
Contains improvements from Andrea Arcangeli and Johannes Weiner
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[hannes@cmpxchg.org: fix vmstat_text[] entries]
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Acked-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a new __GFP_OTHER_NODE flag to tell the low level numa statistics in
zone_statistics() that an allocation is on behalf of another thread. This
way the local and remote counters can be still correct, even when
background daemons like khugepaged are changing memory mappings.
This only affects the accounting, but I think it's worth doing that right
to avoid confusing users.
I first tried to just pass down the right node, but this required a lot of
changes to pass down this parameter and at least one addition of a 10th
argument to a 9 argument function. Using the flag is a lot less
intrusive.
Open: should be also used for migration?
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add hugepage stat information to /proc/vmstat and /proc/meminfo.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
reduce_pgdat_percpu_threshold() and restore_pgdat_percpu_threshold() exist
to adjust the per-cpu vmstat thresholds while kswapd is awake to avoid
errors due to counter drift. The functions duplicate some code so this
patch replaces them with a single set_pgdat_percpu_threshold() that takes
a callback function to calculate the desired threshold as a parameter.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: readability tweak]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: set_pgdat_percpu_threshold(): don't use for_each_online_cpu]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit aa45484 ("calculate a better estimate of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory
is low") noted that watermarks were based on the vmstat NR_FREE_PAGES. To
avoid synchronization overhead, these counters are maintained on a per-cpu
basis and drained both periodically and when a threshold is above a
threshold. On large CPU systems, the difference between the estimate and
real value of NR_FREE_PAGES can be very high. The system can get into a
case where pages are allocated far below the min watermark potentially
causing livelock issues. The commit solved the problem by taking a better
reading of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory was low.
Unfortately, as reported by Shaohua Li this accurate reading can consume a
large amount of CPU time on systems with many sockets due to cache line
bouncing. This patch takes a different approach. For large machines
where counter drift might be unsafe and while kswapd is awake, the per-cpu
thresholds for the target pgdat are reduced to limit the level of drift to
what should be a safe level. This incurs a performance penalty in heavy
memory pressure by a factor that depends on the workload and the machine
but the machine should function correctly without accidentally exhausting
all memory on a node. There is an additional cost when kswapd wakes and
sleeps but the event is not expected to be frequent - in Shaohua's test
case, there was one recorded sleep and wake event at least.
To ensure that kswapd wakes up, a safe version of zone_watermark_ok() is
introduced that takes a more accurate reading of NR_FREE_PAGES when called
from wakeup_kswapd, when deciding whether it is really safe to go back to
sleep in sleeping_prematurely() and when deciding if a zone is really
balanced or not in balance_pgdat(). We are still using an expensive
function but limiting how often it is called.
When the test case is reproduced, the time spent in the watermark
functions is reduced. The following report is on the percentage of time
spent cumulatively spent in the functions zone_nr_free_pages(),
zone_watermark_ok(), __zone_watermark_ok(), zone_watermark_ok_safe(),
zone_page_state_snapshot(), zone_page_state().
vanilla 11.6615%
disable-threshold 0.2584%
David said:
: We had to pull aa454840 "mm: page allocator: calculate a better estimate
: of NR_FREE_PAGES when memory is low and kswapd is awake" from 2.6.36
: internally because tests showed that it would cause the machine to stall
: as the result of heavy kswapd activity. I merged it back with this fix as
: it is pending in the -mm tree and it solves the issue we were seeing, so I
: definitely think this should be pushed to -stable (and I would seriously
: consider it for 2.6.37 inclusion even at this late date).
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reported-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Tested-by: Nicolas Bareil <nico@chdir.org>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.37.1, 2.6.36.x]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'for-2.6.38' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu: (30 commits)
gameport: use this_cpu_read instead of lookup
x86: udelay: Use this_cpu_read to avoid address calculation
x86: Use this_cpu_inc_return for nmi counter
x86: Replace uses of current_cpu_data with this_cpu ops
x86: Use this_cpu_ops to optimize code
vmstat: User per cpu atomics to avoid interrupt disable / enable
irq_work: Use per cpu atomics instead of regular atomics
cpuops: Use cmpxchg for xchg to avoid lock semantics
x86: this_cpu_cmpxchg and this_cpu_xchg operations
percpu: Generic this_cpu_cmpxchg() and this_cpu_xchg support
percpu,x86: relocate this_cpu_add_return() and friends
connector: Use this_cpu operations
xen: Use this_cpu_inc_return
taskstats: Use this_cpu_ops
random: Use this_cpu_inc_return
fs: Use this_cpu_inc_return in buffer.c
highmem: Use this_cpu_xx_return() operations
vmstat: Use this_cpu_inc_return for vm statistics
x86: Support for this_cpu_add, sub, dec, inc_return
percpu: Generic support for this_cpu_add, sub, dec, inc_return
...
Fixed up conflicts: in arch/x86/kernel/{apic/nmi.c, apic/x2apic_uv_x.c, process.c}
as per Tejun.
* 'for-2.6.38' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/wq: (33 commits)
usb: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
speedtch: don't abuse struct delayed_work
media/video: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
media/video: explicitly flush request_module work
ioc4: use static work_struct for ioc4_load_modules()
init: don't call flush_scheduled_work() from do_initcalls()
s390: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
rtc: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
mmc: update workqueue usages
mfd: update workqueue usages
dvb: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
leds-wm8350: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
mISDN: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
macintosh/ams: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
vmwgfx: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
tpm: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
sonypi: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
hvsi: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
xen: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
gdrom: don't use flush_scheduled_work()
...
Fixed up trivial conflict in drivers/media/video/bt8xx/bttv-input.c
as per Tejun.
Currently the operations to increment vm counters must disable interrupts
in order to not mess up their housekeeping of counters.
So use this_cpu_cmpxchg() to avoid the overhead. Since we can no longer
count on preremption being disabled we still have some minor issues.
The fetching of the counter thresholds is racy.
A threshold from another cpu may be applied if we happen to be
rescheduled on another cpu. However, the following vmstat operation
will then bring the counter again under the threshold limit.
The operations for __xxx_zone_state are not changed since the caller
has taken care of the synchronization needs (and therefore the cycle
count is even less than the optimized version for the irq disable case
provided here).
The optimization using this_cpu_cmpxchg will only be used if the arch
supports efficient this_cpu_ops (must have CONFIG_CMPXCHG_LOCAL set!)
The use of this_cpu_cmpxchg reduces the cycle count for the counter
operations by %80 (inc_zone_page_state goes from 170 cycles to 32).
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
this_cpu_inc_return() saves us a memory access there. Code
size does not change.
V1->V2:
- Fixed the location of the __per_cpu pointer attributes
- Sparse checked
V2->V3:
- Move fixes to __percpu attribute usage to earlier patch
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Acked-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
this cpu operations can be used to slightly optimize the function. The
changes will avoid some address calculations and replace them with the
use of the percpu segment register.
If one would have this_cpu_inc_return and this_cpu_dec_return then it
would be possible to optimize inc_zone_page_state and
dec_zone_page_state even more.
V1->V2:
- Fix __dec_zone_state overflow handling
- Use s8 variables for temporary storage.
V2->V3:
- Put __percpu annotations in correct places.
Reviewed-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Acked-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
cancel_rearming_delayed_work[queue]() has been superceded by
cancel_delayed_work_sync() quite some time ago. Convert all the
in-kernel users. The conversions are completely equivalent and
trivial.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Acked-by: Evgeniy Polyakov <zbr@ioremap.net>
Cc: Jeff Garzik <jgarzik@pobox.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab@infradead.org>
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Anton Vorontsov <cbou@mail.ru>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Cc: xfs-masters@oss.sgi.com
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: netfilter-devel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: linux-nfs@vger.kernel.org
The nr_dirty_[background_]threshold fields are misplaced before the
numa_* fields, and users will read strange values.
This is the right order. Before patch, nr_dirty_background_threshold
will read as 0 (the value from numa_miss).
numa_hit 128501
numa_miss 0
numa_foreign 0
numa_interleave 7388
numa_local 128501
numa_other 0
nr_dirty_threshold 144291
nr_dirty_background_threshold 72145
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This removes following warning from sparse:
mm/vmstat.c:466:5: warning: symbol 'fragmentation_index' was not declared. Should it be static?
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: move the include to top-of-file]
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The kernel already exposes the user desired thresholds in /proc/sys/vm
with dirty_background_ratio and background_ratio. But the kernel may
alter the number requested without giving the user any indication that is
the case.
Knowing the actual ratios the kernel is honoring can help app developers
understand how their buffered IO will be sent to the disk.
$ grep threshold /proc/vmstat
nr_dirty_threshold 409111
nr_dirty_background_threshold 818223
Signed-off-by: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
To help developers and applications gain visibility into writeback
behaviour adding two entries to vm_stat_items and /proc/vmstat. This will
allow us to track the "written" and "dirtied" counts.
# grep nr_dirtied /proc/vmstat
nr_dirtied 3747
# grep nr_written /proc/vmstat
nr_written 3618
Signed-off-by: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ordinarily watermark checks are based on the vmstat NR_FREE_PAGES as it is
cheaper than scanning a number of lists. To avoid synchronization
overhead, counter deltas are maintained on a per-cpu basis and drained
both periodically and when the delta is above a threshold. On large CPU
systems, the difference between the estimated and real value of
NR_FREE_PAGES can be very high. If NR_FREE_PAGES is much higher than
number of real free page in buddy, the VM can allocate pages below min
watermark, at worst reducing the real number of pages to zero. Even if
the OOM killer kills some victim for freeing memory, it may not free
memory if the exit path requires a new page resulting in livelock.
This patch introduces a zone_page_state_snapshot() function (courtesy of
Christoph) that takes a slightly more accurate view of an arbitrary vmstat
counter. It is used to read NR_FREE_PAGES while kswapd is awake to avoid
the watermark being accidentally broken. The estimate is not perfect and
may result in cache line bounces but is expected to be lighter than the
IPI calls necessary to continually drain the per-cpu counters while kswapd
is awake.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
refresh_zone_stat_thresholds() calculates parameter based on the number of
online cpus. It's called at cpu offlining but needs to be called at
onlining, too.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since 2.6.28 zone->prev_priority is unused. Then it can be removed
safely. It reduce stack usage slightly.
Now I have to say that I'm sorry. 2 years ago, I thought prev_priority
can be integrate again, it's useful. but four (or more) times trying
haven't got good performance number. Thus I give up such approach.
The rest of this changelog is notes on prev_priority and why it existed in
the first place and why it might be not necessary any more. This information
is based heavily on discussions between Andrew Morton, Rik van Riel and
Kosaki Motohiro who is heavily quotes from.
Historically prev_priority was important because it determined when the VM
would start unmapping PTE pages. i.e. there are no balances of note within
the VM, Anon vs File and Mapped vs Unmapped. Without prev_priority, there
is a potential risk of unnecessarily increasing minor faults as a large
amount of read activity of use-once pages could push mapped pages to the
end of the LRU and get unmapped.
There is no proof this is still a problem but currently it is not considered
to be. Active files are not deactivated if the active file list is smaller
than the inactive list reducing the liklihood that file-mapped pages are
being pushed off the LRU and referenced executable pages are kept on the
active list to avoid them getting pushed out by read activity.
Even if it is a problem, prev_priority prev_priority wouldn't works
nowadays. First of all, current vmscan still a lot of UP centric code. it
expose some weakness on some dozens CPUs machine. I think we need more and
more improvement.
The problem is, current vmscan mix up per-system-pressure, per-zone-pressure
and per-task-pressure a bit. example, prev_priority try to boost priority to
other concurrent priority. but if the another task have mempolicy restriction,
it is unnecessary, but also makes wrong big latency and exceeding reclaim.
per-task based priority + prev_priority adjustment make the emulation of
per-system pressure. but it have two issue 1) too rough and brutal emulation
2) we need per-zone pressure, not per-system.
Another example, currently DEF_PRIORITY is 12. it mean the lru rotate about
2 cycle (1/4096 + 1/2048 + 1/1024 + .. + 1) before invoking OOM-Killer.
but if 10,0000 thrreads enter DEF_PRIORITY reclaim at the same time, the
system have higher memory pressure than priority==0 (1/4096*10,000 > 2).
prev_priority can't solve such multithreads workload issue. In other word,
prev_priority concept assume the sysmtem don't have lots threads."
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Michael Rubin <mrubin@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The sum_vm_events passes cpumask for for_each_cpu(). But it's useless
since we have for_each_online_cpu. Althougth it's tirival overhead, it's
not good about coding consistency.
Let's use for_each_online_cpu instead of for_each_cpu with cpumask
argument.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ordinarily when a high-order allocation fails, direct reclaim is entered
to free pages to satisfy the allocation. With this patch, it is
determined if an allocation failed due to external fragmentation instead
of low memory and if so, the calling process will compact until a suitable
page is freed. Compaction by moving pages in memory is considerably
cheaper than paging out to disk and works where there are locked pages or
no swap. If compaction fails to free a page of a suitable size, then
reclaim will still occur.
Direct compaction returns as soon as possible. As each block is
compacted, it is checked if a suitable page has been freed and if so, it
returns.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Fix build errors]
[aarcange@redhat.com: fix count_vm_event preempt in memory compaction direct reclaim]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is the core of a mechanism which compacts memory in a zone by
relocating movable pages towards the end of the zone.
A single compaction run involves a migration scanner and a free scanner.
Both scanners operate on pageblock-sized areas in the zone. The migration
scanner starts at the bottom of the zone and searches for all movable
pages within each area, isolating them onto a private list called
migratelist. The free scanner starts at the top of the zone and searches
for suitable areas and consumes the free pages within making them
available for the migration scanner. The pages isolated for migration are
then migrated to the newly isolated free pages.
[aarcange@redhat.com: Fix unsafe optimisation]
[mel@csn.ul.ie: do not schedule work on other CPUs for compaction]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fragmentation fragmentation index, is only meaningful if an allocation
would fail and indicates what the failure is due to. A value of -1 such
as in many of the examples above states that the allocation would succeed.
If it would fail, the value is between 0 and 1. A value tending towards
0 implies the allocation failed due to a lack of memory. A value tending
towards 1 implies it failed due to external fragmentation.
For the most part, the huge page size will be the size of interest but not
necessarily so it is exported on a per-order and per-zo basis via
/sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/extfrag_index
> cat /sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/extfrag_index
Node 0, zone DMA -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.00
Node 0, zone Normal -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 0.954
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The unusable free space index measures how much of the available free
memory cannot be used to satisfy an allocation of a given size and is a
value between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the more of free memory is
unusable and by implication, the worse the external fragmentation is. For
the most part, the huge page size will be the size of interest but not
necessarily so it is exported on a per-order and per-zone basis via
/sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/unusable_index.
> cat /sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/unusable_index
Node 0, zone DMA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.013 0.021 0.037 0.037 0.101 0.230
Node 0, zone Normal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.015 0.028 0.028 0.054
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Fix allnoconfig]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
commit e815af95 ("change all_unreclaimable zone member to flags") changed
all_unreclaimable member to bit flag. But it had an undesireble side
effect. free_one_page() is one of most hot path in linux kernel and
increasing atomic ops in it can reduce kernel performance a bit.
Thus, this patch revert such commit partially. at least
all_unreclaimable shouldn't share memory word with other zone flags.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix patch interaction]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Huang Shijie <shijie8@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the pageset notifier since it only marks that a processor
exists on a specific node. Move that code into the vmstat notifier.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Use the per cpu allocator functionality to avoid per cpu arrays in struct zone.
This drastically reduces the size of struct zone for systems with large
amounts of processors and allows placement of critical variables of struct
zone in one cacheline even on very large systems.
Another effect is that the pagesets of one processor are placed near one
another. If multiple pagesets from different zones fit into one cacheline
then additional cacheline fetches can be avoided on the hot paths when
allocating memory from multiple zones.
Bootstrap becomes simpler if we use the same scheme for UP, SMP, NUMA. #ifdefs
are reduced and we can drop the zone_pcp macro.
Hotplug handling is also simplified since cpu alloc can bring up and
shut down cpu areas for a specific cpu as a whole. So there is no need to
allocate or free individual pagesets.
V7-V8:
- Explain chicken egg dilemmna with percpu allocator.
V4-V5:
- Fix up cases where per_cpu_ptr is called before irq disable
- Integrate the bootstrap logic that was separate before.
tj: Build failure in pageset_cpuup_callback() due to missing ret
variable fixed.
Reviewed-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
If reclaim fails to make sufficient progress, the priority is raised.
Once the priority is higher, kswapd starts waiting on congestion.
However, if the zone is below the min watermark then kswapd needs to
continue working without delay as there is a danger of an increased rate
of GFP_ATOMIC allocation failure.
This patch changes the conditions under which kswapd waits on congestion
by only going to sleep if the min watermarks are being met.
[mel@csn.ul.ie: add stats to track how relevant the logic is]
[mel@csn.ul.ie: make kswapd only check its own zones and rename the relevant counters]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After kswapd balances all zones in a pgdat, it goes to sleep. In the
event of no IO congestion, kswapd can go to sleep very shortly after the
high watermark was reached. If there are a constant stream of allocations
from parallel processes, it can mean that kswapd went to sleep too quickly
and the high watermark is not being maintained for sufficient length time.
This patch makes kswapd go to sleep as a two-stage process. It first
tries to sleep for HZ/10. If it is woken up by another process or the
high watermark is no longer met, it's considered a premature sleep and
kswapd continues work. Otherwise it goes fully to sleep.
This adds more counters to distinguish between fast and slow breaches of
watermarks. A "fast" premature sleep is one where the low watermark was
hit in a very short time after kswapd going to sleep. A "slow" premature
sleep indicates that the high watermark was breached after a very short
interval.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Frans Pop <elendil@planet.nl>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch updates percpu related symbols under kernel/ and mm/ such
that percpu symbols are unique and don't clash with local symbols.
This serves two purposes of decreasing the possibility of global
percpu symbol collision and allowing dropping per_cpu__ prefix from
percpu symbols.
* kernel/lockdep.c: s/lock_stats/cpu_lock_stats/
* kernel/sched.c: s/init_rq_rt/init_rt_rq_var/ (any better idea?)
s/sched_group_cpus/sched_groups/
* kernel/softirq.c: s/ksoftirqd/run_ksoftirqd/a
* kernel/softlockup.c: s/(*)_timestamp/softlockup_\1_ts/
s/watchdog_task/softlockup_watchdog/
s/timestamp/ts/ for local variables
* kernel/time/timer_stats: s/lookup_lock/tstats_lookup_lock/
* mm/slab.c: s/reap_work/slab_reap_work/
s/reap_node/slab_reap_node/
* mm/vmstat.c: local variable changed to avoid collision with vmstat_work
Partly based on Rusty Russell's "alloc_percpu: rename percpu vars
which cause name clashes" patch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: (slab/vmstat) Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
If the system is running a heavy load of processes then concurrent reclaim
can isolate a large number of pages from the LRU. /proc/vmstat and the
output generated for an OOM do not show how many pages were isolated.
This has been observed during process fork bomb testing (mstctl11 in LTP).
This patch shows the information about isolated pages.
Reproduced via:
-----------------------
% ./hackbench 140 process 1000
=> OOM occur
active_anon:146 inactive_anon:0 isolated_anon:49245
active_file:79 inactive_file:18 isolated_file:113
unevictable:0 dirty:0 writeback:0 unstable:0 buffer:39
free:370 slab_reclaimable:309 slab_unreclaimable:5492
mapped:53 shmem:15 pagetables:28140 bounce:0
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Recently we encountered OOM problems due to memory use of the GEM cache.
Generally a large amuont of Shmem/Tmpfs pages tend to create a memory
shortage problem.
We often use the following calculation to determine the amount of shmem
pages:
shmem = NR_ACTIVE_ANON + NR_INACTIVE_ANON - NR_ANON_PAGES
however the expression does not consider isolated and mlocked pages.
This patch adds explicit accounting for pages used by shmem and tmpfs.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks can become significant and
cause OOM conditions. However, we do not display the amount of memory
consumed by stacks.
Add code to display the amount of memory used for stacks in /proc/meminfo.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On NUMA machines, the administrator can configure zone_reclaim_mode that
is a more targetted form of direct reclaim. On machines with large NUMA
distances for example, a zone_reclaim_mode defaults to 1 meaning that
clean unmapped pages will be reclaimed if the zone watermarks are not
being met.
There is a heuristic that determines if the scan is worthwhile but it is
possible that the heuristic will fail and the CPU gets tied up scanning
uselessly. Detecting the situation requires some guesswork and
experimentation so this patch adds a counter "zreclaim_failed" to
/proc/vmstat. If during high CPU utilisation this counter is increasing
rapidly, then the resolution to the problem may be to set
/proc/sys/vm/zone_reclaim_mode to 0.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: name things consistently]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The lru->nr_saved_scan's are not meaningful counters for even kernel
developers. They typically are smaller than 32 and are always 0 for large
lists. So remove them from /proc/zoneinfo.
Hopefully this interface change won't break too many scripts.
/proc/zoneinfo is too unstructured to be script friendly, and I wonder the
affected scripts - if there are any - are still bleeding since the not
long ago commit "vmscan: split LRU lists into anon & file sets", which
also touched the "scanned" line :)
If we are to re-export accumulated vmscan counts in the future, they can
go to new lines in /proc/zoneinfo instead of the current form, or to
/sys/devices/system/node/node0/meminfo?
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The vmscan batching logic is twisting. Move it into a standalone function
nr_scan_try_batch() and document it. No behavior change.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
ALLOC_WMARK_MIN, ALLOC_WMARK_LOW and ALLOC_WMARK_HIGH determin whether
pages_min, pages_low or pages_high is used as the zone watermark when
allocating the pages. Two branches in the allocator hotpath determine
which watermark to use.
This patch uses the flags as an array index into a watermark array that is
indexed with WMARK_* defines accessed via helpers. All call sites that
use zone->pages_* are updated to use the helpers for accessing the values
and the array offsets for setting.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
pfn_valid() is meant to be able to tell if a given PFN has valid memmap
associated with it or not. In FLATMEM, it is expected that holes always
have valid memmap as long as there is valid PFNs either side of the hole.
In SPARSEMEM, it is assumed that a valid section has a memmap for the
entire section.
However, ARM and maybe other embedded architectures in the future free
memmap backing holes to save memory on the assumption the memmap is never
used. The page_zone linkages are then broken even though pfn_valid()
returns true. A walker of the full memmap must then do this additional
check to ensure the memmap they are looking at is sane by making sure the
zone and PFN linkages are still valid. This is expensive, but walkers of
the full memmap are extremely rare.
This was caught before for FLATMEM and hacked around but it hits again for
SPARSEMEM because the page_zone linkages can look ok where the PFN linkages
are totally screwed. This looks like a hatchet job but the reality is that
any clean solution would end up consumning all the memory saved by punching
these unexpected holes in the memmap. For example, we tried marking the
memmap within the section invalid but the section size exceeds the size of
the hole in most cases so pfn_valid() starts returning false where valid
memmap exists. Shrinking the size of the section would increase memory
consumption offsetting the gains.
This patch identifies when an architecture is punching unexpected holes
in the memmap that the memory model cannot automatically detect and sets
ARCH_HAS_HOLES_MEMORYMODEL. At the moment, this is restricted to EP93xx
which is the model sub-architecture this has been reported on but may expand
later. When set, walkers of the full memmap must call memmap_valid_within()
for each PFN and passing in what it expects the page and zone to be for
that PFN. If it finds the linkages to be broken, it assumes the memmap is
invalid for that PFN.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
Even though vmstat_work is marked deferrable, there are still benefits to
aligning it. For certain applications we want to keep OS jitter as low as
possible and aligning timers and work so they occur together can reduce
their overall impact.
Signed-off-by: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Impact: cleanup
In almost cases, for_each_zone() is used with populated_zone(). It's
because almost function doesn't need memoryless node information.
Therefore, for_each_populated_zone() can help to make code simplify.
This patch has no functional change.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: small cleanup]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Impact: cleanup
Time to clean up remaining laggards using the old cpu_ functions.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com
Impact: Use new API
Convert kernel mm functions to use struct cpumask.
We skip include/linux/percpu.h and mm/allocpercpu.c, which are in flux.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Allow free of mlock()ed pages. This shouldn't happen, but during
developement, it occasionally did.
This patch allows us to survive that condition, while keeping the
statistics and events correct for debug.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add NR_MLOCK zone page state, which provides a (conservative) count of
mlocked pages (actually, the number of mlocked pages moved off the LRU).
Reworked by lts to fit in with the modified mlock page support in the
Reclaim Scalability series.
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: fix incorrect Mlocked field of /proc/meminfo]
[lee.schermerhorn@hp.com: mlocked-pages: add event counting with statistics]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Report unevictable pages per zone and system wide.
Kosaki Motohiro added support for memory controller unevictable
statistics.
[riel@redhat.com: fix printk in show_free_areas()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix units in /proc/vmstats]
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Debugged-by: Hiroshi Shimamoto <h-shimamoto@ct.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fix to unevictable-lru-page-statistics.patch
Add unevictable lru infrastructure vm events to the statistics patch.
Rename the "NORECL_" and "noreclaim_" symbols and text strings to
"UNEVICTABLE_" and "unevictable_", respectively.
Currently, both the infrastructure and the mlocked pages event are
added by a single patch later in the series. This makes it difficult
to add or rework the incremental patches. The events actually "belong"
with the stats, so pull them up to here.
Also, restore the event counting to putback_lru_page(). This was removed
from previous patch in series where it was "misplaced". The actual events
weren't defined that early.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We avoid evicting and scanning anonymous pages for the most part, but
under some workloads we can end up with most of memory filled with
anonymous pages. At that point, we suddenly need to clear the referenced
bits on all of memory, which can take ages on very large memory systems.
We can reduce the maximum number of pages that need to be scanned by not
taking the referenced state into account when deactivating an anonymous
page. After all, every anonymous page starts out referenced, so why
check?
If an anonymous page gets referenced again before it reaches the end of
the inactive list, we move it back to the active list.
To keep the maximum amount of necessary work reasonable, we scale the
active to inactive ratio with the size of memory, using the formula
active:inactive ratio = sqrt(memory in GB * 10).
Kswapd CPU use now seems to scale by the amount of pageout bandwidth,
instead of by the amount of memory present in the system.
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: fix OOM with memcg]
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: memcg: lru scan fix]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Split the LRU lists in two, one set for pages that are backed by real file
systems ("file") and one for pages that are backed by memory and swap
("anon"). The latter includes tmpfs.
The advantage of doing this is that the VM will not have to scan over lots
of anonymous pages (which we generally do not want to swap out), just to
find the page cache pages that it should evict.
This patch has the infrastructure and a basic policy to balance how much
we scan the anon lists and how much we scan the file lists. The big
policy changes are in separate patches.
[lee.schermerhorn@hp.com: collect lru meminfo statistics from correct offset]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: prevent incorrect oom under split_lru]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: fix pagevec_move_tail() doesn't treat unevictable page]
[hugh@veritas.com: memcg swapbacked pages active]
[hugh@veritas.com: splitlru: BDI_CAP_SWAP_BACKED]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix /proc/vmstat units]
[nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp: memcg: fix handling of shmem migration]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: adjust Quicklists field of /proc/meminfo]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: fix style issue of get_scan_ratio()]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently we are defining explicit variables for the inactive and active
list. An indexed array can be more generic and avoid repeating similar
code in several places in the reclaim code.
We are saving a few bytes in terms of code size:
Before:
text data bss dec hex filename
4097753 573120 4092484 8763357 85b7dd vmlinux
After:
text data bss dec hex filename
4097729 573120 4092484 8763333 85b7c5 vmlinux
Having an easy way to add new lru lists may ease future work on the
reclaim code.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ordinarily, memory holes in flatmem still have a valid memmap and is safe
to use. However, an architecture (ARM) frees up the memmap backing memory
holes on the assumption it is never used. /proc/pagetypeinfo reads the
whole range of pages in a zone believing that the memmap is valid and that
pfn_valid will return false if it is not. On ARM, freeing the memmap breaks
the page->zone linkages even though pfn_valid() returns true and the kernel
can oops shortly afterwards due to accessing a bogus struct zone *.
This patch lets architectures say when FLATMEM can have holes in the
memmap. Rather than an expensive check for valid memory, /proc/pagetypeinfo
will confirm that the page linkages are still valid by checking page->zone
is still the expected zone. The lookup of page_zone is safe as there is a
limited range of memory that is accessed when calling page_zone. Even if
page_zone happens to return the correct zone, the impact is that the counters
in /proc/pagetypeinfo are slightly off but fragmentation monitoring is
unlikely to be relevant on an embedded system.
Reported-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Tested-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
This patch adds proper extern declarations for five variables in
include/linux/vmstat.h
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Change references from for_each_cpu_mask to for_each_cpu_mask_nr
where appropriate
Reviewed-by: Paul Jackson <pj@sgi.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
When accessing cpu_online_map, we should prevent dynamic changing
of cpu_online_map by get_online_cpus().
Unfortunately, all_vm_events() doesn't do that.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Gautham R Shenoy <ego@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Fuse will use temporary buffers to write back dirty data from memory mappings
(normal writes are done synchronously). This is needed, because there cannot
be any guarantee about the time in which a write will complete.
By using temporary buffers, from the MM's point if view the page is written
back immediately. If the writeout was due to memory pressure, this
effectively migrates data from a full zone to a less full zone.
This patch adds a new counter (NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP) for the number of pages used
as temporary buffers.
[Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com: add vmstat_text for NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP]
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We've found that it can take quite a bit of time (100's of usec) to get
through the zone loop in refresh_cpu_vm_stats().
Adding a cond_resched() to allow other threads to run in the non-preemptive
case.
Signed-off-by: Dimitri Sivanich <sivanich@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Allocating huge pages directly from the buddy allocator is not guaranteed to
succeed. Success depends on several factors (such as the amount of physical
memory available and the level of fragmentation). With the addition of
dynamic hugetlb pool resizing, allocations can occur much more frequently.
For these reasons it is desirable to keep track of huge page allocation
successes and failures.
Add two new vmstat entries to track huge page allocations that succeed and
fail. The presence of the two entries is contingent upon CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE
being enabled.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: reduced ifdeffery]
Signed-off-by: Adam Litke <agl@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Munson <ebmunson@us.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On NUMA, zone_statistics() is used to record events like numa hit, miss and
foreign. It assumes that the first zone in a zonelist is the preferred zone.
When multiple zonelists are replaced by one that is filtered, this is no
longer the case.
This patch records what the preferred zone is rather than assuming the first
zone in the zonelist is it. This simplifies the reading of later patches in
this set.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the prefetch logic in order to avoid touching impossible per cpu
areas.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Mike Travis <travis@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have repeatedly discussed if the cold pages still have a point. There is
one way to join the two lists: Use a single list and put the cold pages at the
end and the hot pages at the beginning. That way a single list can serve for
both types of allocations.
The discussion of the RFC for this and Mel's measurements indicate that
there may not be too much of a point left to having separate lists for
hot and cold pages (see http://marc.info/?t=119492914200001&r=1&w=2).
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Martin Bligh <mbligh@mbligh.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
1. Add comments explaining how the function can be called.
2. Collect global diffs in a local array and only spill
them once into the global counters when the zone scan
is finished. This means that we only touch each global
counter once instead of each time we fold cpu counters
into zone counters.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Mark start_cpu_timer() as __cpuinit instead of __devinit.
Fixes this section warning:
WARNING: vmlinux.o(.text+0x60e53): Section mismatch: reference to .init.text:start_cpu_timer (between 'vmstat_cpuup_callback' and 'vmstat_show')
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Convert the int all_unreclaimable member of struct zone to unsigned long
flags. This can now be used to specify several different zone flags such as
all_unreclaimable and reclaim_in_progress, which can now be removed and
converted to a per-zone flag.
Flags are set and cleared as follows:
zone_set_flag(struct zone *zone, zone_flags_t flag)
zone_clear_flag(struct zone *zone, zone_flags_t flag)
Defines the first zone flags, ZONE_ALL_UNRECLAIMABLE and ZONE_RECLAIM_LOCKED,
which have the same semantics as the old zone->all_unreclaimable and
zone->reclaim_in_progress, respectively. Also converts all current users that
set or clear either flag to use the new interface.
Helper functions are defined to test the flags:
int zone_is_all_unreclaimable(const struct zone *zone)
int zone_is_reclaim_locked(const struct zone *zone)
All flag operators are of the atomic variety because there are currently
readers that are implemented that do not take zone->lock.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: add needed include]
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch contains the following cleanups:
- make the needlessly global setup_vmstat() static
- remove the unused refresh_vm_stats()
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch provides fragmentation avoidance statistics via /proc/pagetypeinfo.
The information is collected only on request so there is no runtime overhead.
The statistics are in three parts:
The first part prints information on the size of blocks that pages are
being grouped on and looks like
Page block order: 10
Pages per block: 1024
The second part is a more detailed version of /proc/buddyinfo and looks like
Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Node 0, zone Normal, type Unmovable 111 8 4 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone Normal, type Reclaimable 293 89 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone Normal, type Movable 1 6 13 9 7 6 3 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone Normal, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
The third part looks like
Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve
Node 0, zone DMA 0 1 2 1
Node 0, zone Normal 3 17 94 4
To walk the zones within a node with interrupts disabled, walk_zones_in_node()
is introduced and shared between /proc/buddyinfo, /proc/zoneinfo and
/proc/pagetypeinfo to reduce code duplication. It seems specific to what
vmstat.c requires but could be broken out as a general utility function in
mmzone.c if there were other other potential users.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The following 8 patches against 2.6.20-mm2 create a zone called ZONE_MOVABLE
that is only usable by allocations that specify both __GFP_HIGHMEM and
__GFP_MOVABLE. This has the effect of keeping all non-movable pages within a
single memory partition while allowing movable allocations to be satisfied
from either partition. The patches may be applied with the list-based
anti-fragmentation patches that groups pages together based on mobility.
The size of the zone is determined by a kernelcore= parameter specified at
boot-time. This specifies how much memory is usable by non-movable
allocations and the remainder is used for ZONE_MOVABLE. Any range of pages
within ZONE_MOVABLE can be released by migrating the pages or by reclaiming.
When selecting a zone to take pages from for ZONE_MOVABLE, there are two
things to consider. First, only memory from the highest populated zone is
used for ZONE_MOVABLE. On the x86, this is probably going to be ZONE_HIGHMEM
but it would be ZONE_DMA on ppc64 or possibly ZONE_DMA32 on x86_64. Second,
the amount of memory usable by the kernel will be spread evenly throughout
NUMA nodes where possible. If the nodes are not of equal size, the amount of
memory usable by the kernel on some nodes may be greater than others.
By default, the zone is not as useful for hugetlb allocations because they are
pinned and non-migratable (currently at least). A sysctl is provided that
allows huge pages to be allocated from that zone. This means that the huge
page pool can be resized to the size of ZONE_MOVABLE during the lifetime of
the system assuming that pages are not mlocked. Despite huge pages being
non-movable, we do not introduce additional external fragmentation of note as
huge pages are always the largest contiguous block we care about.
Credit goes to Andy Whitcroft for catching a large variety of problems during
review of the patches.
This patch creates an additional zone, ZONE_MOVABLE. This zone is only usable
by allocations which specify both __GFP_HIGHMEM and __GFP_MOVABLE. Hot-added
memory continues to be placed in their existing destination as there is no
mechanism to redirect them to a specific zone.
[y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com: Fix section mismatch of memory hotplug related code]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: various fixes]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: William Lee Irwin III <wli@holomorphy.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Line up the vmstat_text with zone_stat_item
enum zone_stat_item {
/* First 128 byte cacheline (assuming 64 bit words) */
NR_FREE_PAGES,
NR_INACTIVE,
NR_ACTIVE,
We current have nr_active and nr_inactive reversed.
[ "OK with patch, though using initializers canbe handy to prevent such
things in future:
static const char * const vmstat_text[] = {
[NR_FREE_PAGES] = "nr_free_pages",
..."
- Alexey ]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
First thing mm.h does is including sched.h solely for can_do_mlock() inline
function which has "current" dereference inside. By dealing with can_do_mlock()
mm.h can be detached from sched.h which is good. See below, why.
This patch
a) removes unconditional inclusion of sched.h from mm.h
b) makes can_do_mlock() normal function in mm/mlock.c
c) exports can_do_mlock() to not break compilation
d) adds sched.h inclusions back to files that were getting it indirectly.
e) adds less bloated headers to some files (asm/signal.h, jiffies.h) that were
getting them indirectly
Net result is:
a) mm.h users would get less code to open, read, preprocess, parse, ... if
they don't need sched.h
b) sched.h stops being dependency for significant number of files:
on x86_64 allmodconfig touching sched.h results in recompile of 4083 files,
after patch it's only 3744 (-8.3%).
Cross-compile tested on
all arm defconfigs, all mips defconfigs, all powerpc defconfigs,
alpha alpha-up
arm
i386 i386-up i386-defconfig i386-allnoconfig
ia64 ia64-up
m68k
mips
parisc parisc-up
powerpc powerpc-up
s390 s390-up
sparc sparc-up
sparc64 sparc64-up
um-x86_64
x86_64 x86_64-up x86_64-defconfig x86_64-allnoconfig
as well as my two usual configs.
Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
VM statistics updates do not matter if the kernel is in idle powersaving
mode. So allow the timer to be deferred.
It would be better though if we could switch the timer between deferrable
and nondeferrable based on differentials present. The timer would start
out nondeferrable and if we find that there were no updates in the last
statistics interval then we would switch the timer to deferrable. If the
timer later finds again that there are differentials then go to
nondeferrable again.
And yet another way would be to run the timer shortly before going to idle?
The solution here means that the VM counters may be slightly off during
idle since differentials may be still pending while the timer is deferred.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Currently the slab allocators contain callbacks into the page allocator to
perform the draining of pagesets on remote nodes. This requires SLUB to have
a whole subsystem in order to be compatible with SLAB. Moving node draining
out of the slab allocators avoids a section of code in SLUB.
Move the node draining so that is is done when the vm statistics are updated.
At that point we are already touching all the cachelines with the pagesets of
a processor.
Add a expire counter there. If we have to update per zone or global vm
statistics then assume that the pageset will require subsequent draining.
The expire counter will be decremented on each vm stats update pass until it
reaches zero. Then we will drain one batch from the pageset. The draining
will cause vm counter updates which will then cause another expiration until
the pcp is empty. So we will drain a batch every 3 seconds.
Note that remote node draining is a somewhat esoteric feature that is required
on large NUMA systems because otherwise significant portions of system memory
can become trapped in pcp queues. The number of pcp is determined by the
number of processors and nodes in a system. A system with 4 processors and 2
nodes has 8 pcps which is okay. But a system with 1024 processors and 512
nodes has 512k pcps with a high potential for large amount of memory being
caught in them.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make it configurable. Code in mm makes the vm statistics intervals
independent from the cache reaper use that opportunity to make it
configurable.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
vmstat is currently using the cache reaper to periodically bring the
statistics up to date. The cache reaper does only exists in SLUB as a way to
provide compatibility with SLAB. This patch removes the vmstat calls from the
slab allocators and provides its own handling.
The advantage is also that we can use a different frequency for the updates.
Refreshing vm stats is a pretty fast job so we can run this every second and
stagger this by only one tick. This will lead to some overlap in large
systems. F.e a system running at 250 HZ with 1024 processors will have 4 vm
updates occurring at once.
However, the vm stats update only accesses per node information. It is only
necessary to stagger the vm statistics updates per processor in each node. Vm
counter updates occurring on distant nodes will not cause cacheline
contention.
We could implement an alternate approach that runs the first processor on each
node at the second and then each of the other processor on a node on a
subsequent tick. That may be useful to keep a large amount of the second free
of timer activity. Maybe the timer folks will have some feedback on this one?
[jirislaby@gmail.com: add missing break]
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jirislaby@gmail.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since nonboot CPUs are now disabled after tasks and devices have been
frozen and the CPU hotplug infrastructure is used for this purpose, we need
special CPU hotplug notifications that will help the CPU-hotplug-aware
subsystems distinguish normal CPU hotplug events from CPU hotplug events
related to a system-wide suspend or resume operation in progress. This
patch introduces such notifications and causes them to be used during
suspend and resume transitions. It also changes all of the
CPU-hotplug-aware subsystems to take these notifications into consideration
(for now they are handled in the same way as the corresponding "normal"
ones).
[oleg@tv-sign.ru: cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Gautham R Shenoy <ego@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make ZONE_DMA optional in core code.
- ifdef all code for ZONE_DMA and related definitions following the example
for ZONE_DMA32 and ZONE_HIGHMEM.
- Without ZONE_DMA, ZONE_HIGHMEM and ZONE_DMA32 we get to a ZONES_SHIFT of
0.
- Modify the VM statistics to work correctly without a DMA zone.
- Modify slab to not create DMA slabs if there is no ZONE_DMA.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanup]
[jdike@addtoit.com: build fix]
[apw@shadowen.org: Simplify calculation of the number of bits we need for ZONES_SHIFT]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@debian.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@steeleye.com>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Values are available via ZVC sums.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Values are readily available via ZVC per node and global sums.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The global and per zone counter sums are in arrays of longs. Reorder the ZVCs
so that the most frequently used ZVCs are put into the same cacheline. That
way calculations of the global, node and per zone vm state touches only a
single cacheline. This is mostly important for 64 bit systems were one 128
byte cacheline takes only 8 longs.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is again simplifies some of the VM counter calculations through the use
of the ZVC consolidated counters.
[michal.k.k.piotrowski@gmail.com: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Piotrowski <michal.k.k.piotrowski@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The determination of the dirty ratio to determine writeback behavior is
currently based on the number of total pages on the system.
However, not all pages in the system may be dirtied. Thus the ratio is always
too low and can never reach 100%. The ratio may be particularly skewed if
large hugepage allocations, slab allocations or device driver buffers make
large sections of memory not available anymore. In that case we may get into
a situation in which f.e. the background writeback ratio of 40% cannot be
reached anymore which leads to undesired writeback behavior.
This patchset fixes that issue by determining the ratio based on the actual
pages that may potentially be dirty. These are the pages on the active and
the inactive list plus free pages.
The problem with those counts has so far been that it is expensive to
calculate these because counts from multiple nodes and multiple zones will
have to be summed up. This patchset makes these counters ZVC counters. This
means that a current sum per zone, per node and for the whole system is always
available via global variables and not expensive anymore to calculate.
The patchset results in some other good side effects:
- Removal of the various functions that sum up free, active and inactive
page counts
- Cleanup of the functions that display information via the proc filesystem.
This patch:
The use of a ZVC for nr_inactive and nr_active allows a simplification of some
counter operations. More ZVC functionality is used for sums etc in the
following patches.
[akpm@osdl.org: UP build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
- move some file_operations structs into the .rodata section
- move static strings from policy_types[] array into the .rodata section
- fix generic seq_operations usages, so that those structs may be defined
as "const" as well
[akpm@osdl.org: couple of fixes]
Signed-off-by: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
These patches introduced new switch statements which are indented contrary
to the concensus in mm/*.c. Fix them up to match that concensus.
[PATCH] node local per-cpu-pages
[PATCH] ZVC: Scale thresholds depending on the size of the system
commit e7c8d5c995
commit df9ecaba3f
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The temp_priority field in zone is racy, as we can walk through a reclaim
path, and just before we copy it into prev_priority, it can be overwritten
(say with DEF_PRIORITY) by another reclaimer.
The same bug is contained in both try_to_free_pages and balance_pgdat, but
it is fixed slightly differently. In balance_pgdat, we keep a separate
priority record per zone in a local array. In try_to_free_pages there is
no need to do this, as the priority level is the same for all zones that we
reclaim from.
Impact of this bug is that temp_priority is copied into prev_priority, and
setting this artificially high causes reclaimers to set distress
artificially low. They then fail to reclaim mapped pages, when they are,
in fact, under severe memory pressure (their priority may be as low as 0).
This causes the OOM killer to fire incorrectly.
From: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
__zone_reclaim() isn't modifying zone->prev_priority. But zone->prev_priority
is used in the decision whether or not to bring mapped pages onto the inactive
list. Hence there's a risk here that __zone_reclaim() will fail because
zone->prev_priority ir large (ie: low urgency) and lots of mapped pages end up
stuck on the active list.
Fix that up by decreasing (ie making more urgent) zone->prev_priority as
__zone_reclaim() scans the zone's pages.
This bug perhaps explains why ZONE_RECLAIM_PRIORITY was created. It should be
possible to remove that now, and to just start out at DEF_PRIORITY?
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Now that we have the node in the hot zone of struct zone we can avoid
accessing zone_pgdat in zone_statistics.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The VM is supposed to minimise the number of pages which get written off the
LRU (for IO scheduling efficiency, and for high reclaim-success rates). But
we don't actually have a clear way of showing how true this is.
So add `nr_vmscan_write' to /proc/vmstat and /proc/zoneinfo - the number of
pages which have been written by the vm scanner in this zone and globally.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Remove the atomic counter for slab_reclaim_pages and replace the counter
and NR_SLAB with two ZVC counter that account for unreclaimable and
reclaimable slab pages: NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE and NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE.
Change the check in vmscan.c to refer to to NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE. The
intend seems to be to check for slab pages that could be freed.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
If a zone is unpopulated then we do not need to check for pages that are to
be drained and also not for vm counters that may need to be updated.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
eventcounters: Do not display counters for zones that are not available on an
arch
Do not define or display counters for the DMA32 and the HIGHMEM zone if such
zones were not configured.
[akpm@osdl.org: s390 fix]
[heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com: s390 fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The ZVC counter update threshold is currently set to a fixed value of 32.
This patch sets up the threshold depending on the number of processors and
the sizes of the zones in the system.
With the current threshold of 32, I was able to observe slight contention
when more than 130-140 processors concurrently updated the counters. The
contention vanished when I either increased the threshold to 64 or used
Andrew's idea of overstepping the interval (see ZVC overstep patch).
However, we saw contention again at 220-230 processors. So we need higher
values for larger systems.
But the current default is already a bit of an overkill for smaller
systems. Some systems have tiny zones where precision matters. For
example i386 and x86_64 have 16M DMA zones and either 900M ZONE_NORMAL or
ZONE_DMA32. These are even present on SMP and NUMA systems.
The patch here sets up a threshold based on the number of processors in the
system and the size of the zone that these counters are used for. The
threshold should grow logarithmically, so we use fls() as an easy
approximation.
Results of tests on a system with 1024 processors (4TB RAM)
The following output is from a test allocating 1GB of memory concurrently
on each processor (Forking the process. So contention on mmap_sem and the
pte locks is not a factor):
X MIN
TYPE: CPUS WALL WALL SYS USER TOTCPU
fork 1 0.552 0.552 0.540 0.012 0.552
fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.036 2.200
fork 16 0.564 0.548 8.812 0.164 8.976
fork 128 0.580 0.572 72.204 1.208 73.412
fork 256 1.300 0.660 310.400 2.160 312.560
fork 512 3.512 0.696 1526.836 4.816 1531.652
fork 1020 20.024 0.700 17243.176 6.688 17249.863
So a threshold of 32 is fine up to 128 processors. At 256 processors contention
becomes a factor.
Overstepping the counter (earlier patch) improves the numbers a bit:
fork 4 0.552 0.548 2.164 0.040 2.204
fork 16 0.552 0.548 8.640 0.148 8.788
fork 128 0.556 0.548 69.676 0.956 70.632
fork 256 0.876 0.636 212.468 2.108 214.576
fork 512 2.276 0.672 997.324 4.260 1001.584
fork 1020 13.564 0.680 11586.436 6.088 11592.523
Still contention at 512 and 1020. Contention at 1020 is down by a third.
256 still has a slight bit of contention.
After this patch the counter threshold will be set to 125 which reduces
contention significantly:
fork 128 0.560 0.548 69.776 0.932 70.708
fork 256 0.636 0.556 143.460 2.036 145.496
fork 512 0.640 0.548 284.244 4.236 288.480
fork 1020 1.500 0.588 1326.152 8.892 1335.044
[akpm@osdl.org: !SMP build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Increments and decrements are usually grouped rather than mixed. We can
optimize the inc and dec functions for that case.
Increment and decrement the counters by 50% more than the threshold in
those cases and set the differential accordingly. This decreases the need
to update the atomic counters.
The idea came originally from Andrew Morton. The overstepping alone was
sufficient to address the contention issue found when updating the global
and the per zone counters from 160 processors.
Also remove some code in dec_zone_page_state.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The remaining counters in page_state after the zoned VM counter patches
have been applied are all just for show in /proc/vmstat. They have no
essential function for the VM.
We use a simple increment of per cpu variables. In order to avoid the most
severe races we disable preempt. Preempt does not prevent the race between
an increment and an interrupt handler incrementing the same statistics
counter. However, that race is exceedingly rare, we may only loose one
increment or so and there is no requirement (at least not in kernel) that
the vm event counters have to be accurate.
In the non preempt case this results in a simple increment for each
counter. For many architectures this will be reduced by the compiler to a
single instruction. This single instruction is atomic for i386 and x86_64.
And therefore even the rare race condition in an interrupt is avoided for
both architectures in most cases.
The patchset also adds an off switch for embedded systems that allows a
building of linux kernels without these counters.
The implementation of these counters is through inline code that hopefully
results in only a single instruction increment instruction being emitted
(i386, x86_64) or in the increment being hidden though instruction
concurrency (EPIC architectures such as ia64 can get that done).
Benefits:
- VM event counter operations usually reduce to a single inline instruction
on i386 and x86_64.
- No interrupt disable, only preempt disable for the preempt case.
Preempt disable can also be avoided by moving the counter into a spinlock.
- Handling is similar to zoned VM counters.
- Simple and easily extendable.
- Can be omitted to reduce memory use for embedded use.
References:
RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113512330605497&w=2
RFC http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114988082814934&w=2
local_t http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114991748606690&w=2
V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115014808400007&r=1&w=2
V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767022346&w=2
V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115047968808926&w=2
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The numa statistics are really event counters. But they are per node and
so we have had special treatment for these counters through additional
fields on the pcp structure. We can now use the per zone nature of the
zoned VM counters to realize these.
This will shrink the size of the pcp structure on NUMA systems. We will
have some room to add additional per zone counters that will all still fit
in the same cacheline.
Bits Prior pcp size Size after patch We can add
------------------------------------------------------------------
64 128 bytes (16 words) 80 bytes (10 words) 48
32 76 bytes (19 words) 56 bytes (14 words) 8 (64 byte cacheline)
72 (128 byte)
Remove the special statistics for numa and replace them with zoned vm
counters. This has the side effect that global sums of these events now
show up in /proc/vmstat.
Also take the opportunity to move the zone_statistics() function from
page_alloc.c into vmstat.c.
Discussions:
V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=115048227000002&r=1&w=2
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Andi Kleen <ak@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
No callers.
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Conversion of nr_bounce to a per zone counter
nr_bounce is only used for proc output. So it could be left as an event
counter. However, the event counters may not be accurate and nr_bounce is
categorizing types of pages in a zone. So we really need this to also be a
per zone counter.
[akpm@osdl.org: bugfix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Conversion of nr_unstable to a per zone counter
We need to do some special modifications to the nfs code since there are
multiple cases of disposition and we need to have a page ref for proper
accounting.
This converts the last critical page state of the VM and therefore we need to
remove several functions that were depending on GET_PAGE_STATE_LAST in order
to make the kernel compile again. We are only left with event type counters
in page state.
[akpm@osdl.org: bugfixes]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Conversion of nr_writeback to per zone counter.
This removes the last page_state counter from arch/i386/mm/pgtable.c so we
drop the page_state from there.
[akpm@osdl.org: bugfix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
This makes nr_dirty a per zone counter. Looping over all processors is
avoided during writeback state determination.
The counter aggregation for nr_dirty had to be undone in the NFS layer since
we summed up the page counts from multiple zones. Someone more familiar with
NFS should probably review what I have done.
[akpm@osdl.org: bugfix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Conversion of nr_page_table_pages to a per zone counter
[akpm@osdl.org: bugfix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
- Allows reclaim to access counter without looping over processor counts.
- Allows accurate statistics on how many pages are used in a zone by
the slab. This may become useful to balance slab allocations over
various zones.
[akpm@osdl.org: bugfix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
The current NR_FILE_MAPPED is used by zone reclaim and the dirty load
calculation as the number of mapped pagecache pages. However, that is not
true. NR_FILE_MAPPED includes the mapped anonymous pages. This patch
separates those and therefore allows an accurate tracking of the anonymous
pages per zone.
It then becomes possible to determine the number of unmapped pages per zone
and we can avoid scanning for unmapped pages if there are none.
Also it may now be possible to determine the mapped/unmapped ratio in
get_dirty_limit. Isnt the number of anonymous pages irrelevant in that
calculation?
Note that this will change the meaning of the number of mapped pages reported
in /proc/vmstat /proc/meminfo and in the per node statistics. This may affect
user space tools that monitor these counters! NR_FILE_MAPPED works like
NR_FILE_DIRTY. It is only valid for pagecache pages.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Currently a single atomic variable is used to establish the size of the page
cache in the whole machine. The zoned VM counters have the same method of
implementation as the nr_pagecache code but also allow the determination of
the pagecache size per zone.
Remove the special implementation for nr_pagecache and make it a zoned counter
named NR_FILE_PAGES.
Updates of the page cache counters are always performed with interrupts off.
We can therefore use the __ variant here.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
nr_mapped is important because it allows a determination of how many pages of
a zone are not mapped, which would allow a more efficient means of determining
when we need to reclaim memory in a zone.
We take the nr_mapped field out of the page state structure and define a new
per zone counter named NR_FILE_MAPPED (the anonymous pages will be split off
from NR_MAPPED in the next patch).
We replace the use of nr_mapped in various kernel locations. This avoids the
looping over all processors in try_to_free_pages(), writeback, reclaim (swap +
zone reclaim).
[akpm@osdl.org: bugfix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Per zone counter infrastructure
The counters that we currently have for the VM are split per processor. The
processor however has not much to do with the zone these pages belong to. We
cannot tell f.e. how many ZONE_DMA pages are dirty.
So we are blind to potentially inbalances in the usage of memory in various
zones. F.e. in a NUMA system we cannot tell how many pages are dirty on a
particular node. If we knew then we could put measures into the VM to balance
the use of memory between different zones and different nodes in a NUMA
system. For example it would be possible to limit the dirty pages per node so
that fast local memory is kept available even if a process is dirtying huge
amounts of pages.
Another example is zone reclaim. We do not know how many unmapped pages exist
per zone. So we just have to try to reclaim. If it is not working then we
pause and try again later. It would be better if we knew when it makes sense
to reclaim unmapped pages from a zone. This patchset allows the determination
of the number of unmapped pages per zone. We can remove the zone reclaim
interval with the counters introduced here.
Futhermore the ability to have various usage statistics available will allow
the development of new NUMA balancing algorithms that may be able to improve
the decision making in the scheduler of when to move a process to another node
and hopefully will also enable automatic page migration through a user space
program that can analyse the memory load distribution and then rebalance
memory use in order to increase performance.
The counter framework here implements differential counters for each processor
in struct zone. The differential counters are consolidated when a threshold
is exceeded (like done in the current implementation for nr_pageache), when
slab reaping occurs or when a consolidation function is called.
Consolidation uses atomic operations and accumulates counters per zone in the
zone structure and also globally in the vm_stat array. VM functions can
access the counts by simply indexing a global or zone specific array.
The arrangement of counters in an array also simplifies processing when output
has to be generated for /proc/*.
Counters can be updated by calling inc/dec_zone_page_state or
_inc/dec_zone_page_state analogous to *_page_state. The second group of
functions can be called if it is known that interrupts are disabled.
Special optimized increment and decrement functions are provided. These can
avoid certain checks and use increment or decrement instructions that an
architecture may provide.
We also add a new CONFIG_DMA_IS_NORMAL that signifies that an architecture can
do DMA to all memory and therefore ZONE_NORMAL will not be populated. This is
only currently set for IA64 SGI SN2 and currently only affects
node_page_state(). In the best case node_page_state can be reduced to
retrieving a single counter for the one zone on the node.
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
[akpm@osdl.org: export vm_stat[] for filesystems]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
NOTE: ZVC are *not* the lightweight event counters. ZVCs are reliable whereas
event counters do not need to be.
Zone based VM statistics are necessary to be able to determine what the state
of memory in one zone is. In a NUMA system this can be helpful for local
reclaim and other memory optimizations that may be able to shift VM load in
order to get more balanced memory use.
It is also useful to know how the computing load affects the memory
allocations on various zones. This patchset allows the retrieval of that data
from userspace.
The patchset introduces a framework for counters that is a cross between the
existing page_stats --which are simply global counters split per cpu-- and the
approach of deferred incremental updates implemented for nr_pagecache.
Small per cpu 8 bit counters are added to struct zone. If the counter exceeds
certain thresholds then the counters are accumulated in an array of
atomic_long in the zone and in a global array that sums up all zone values.
The small 8 bit counters are next to the per cpu page pointers and so they
will be in high in the cpu cache when pages are allocated and freed.
Access to VM counter information for a zone and for the whole machine is then
possible by simply indexing an array (Thanks to Nick Piggin for pointing out
that approach). The access to the total number of pages of various types does
no longer require the summing up of all per cpu counters.
Benefits of this patchset right now:
- Ability for UP and SMP configuration to determine how memory
is balanced between the DMA, NORMAL and HIGHMEM zones.
- loops over all processors are avoided in writeback and
reclaim paths. We can avoid caching the writeback information
because the needed information is directly accessible.
- Special handling for nr_pagecache removed.
- zone_reclaim_interval vanishes since VM stats can now determine
when it is worth to do local reclaim.
- Fast inline per node page state determination.
- Accurate counters in /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo. Current
counters are counting simply which processor allocated a page somewhere
and guestimate based on that. So the counters were not useful to show
the actual distribution of page use on a specific zone.
- The swap_prefetch patch requires per node statistics in order to
figure out when processors of a node can prefetch. This patch provides
some of the needed numbers.
- Detailed VM counters available in more /proc and /sys status files.
References to earlier discussions:
V1 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113511649910826&w=2
V2 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114980851924230&w=2
V3 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115014697910351&w=2
V4 http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=115024767318740&w=2
Performance tests with AIM7 did not show any regressions. Seems to be a tad
faster even. Tested on ia64/NUMA. Builds fine on i386, SMP / UP. Includes
fixes for s390/arm/uml arch code.
This patch:
Move counter code from page_alloc.c/page-flags.h to vmstat.c/h.
Create vmstat.c/vmstat.h by separating the counter code and the proc
functions.
Move the vm_stat_text array before zoneinfo_show.
[akpm@osdl.org: s390 build fix]
[akpm@osdl.org: HOTPLUG_CPU build fix]
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@fys.uio.no>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Mel Gorman