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399 lines
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<div id="toc">
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<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><a href="#intl_internationalization_support">Internationalization Support</a></p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p><a href="#intl_options_for_building_node_js">Options for building Node.js</a></p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none">Disable all internationalization features (<code>none</code>)</a></li>
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<li><a href="#intl_build_with_a_pre_installed_icu_system_icu">Build with a pre-installed ICU (<code>system-icu</code>)</a></li>
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<li>
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<p><a href="#intl_embed_a_limited_set_of_icu_data_small_icu">Embed a limited set of ICU data (<code>small-icu</code>)</a></p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#intl_providing_icu_data_at_runtime">Providing ICU data at runtime</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#intl_embed_the_entire_icu_full_icu">Embed the entire ICU (<code>full-icu</code>)</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#intl_detecting_internationalization_support">Detecting internationalization support</a></li>
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</ul>
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<div id="apicontent">
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<h1>Internationalization Support<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_internationalization_support" id="intl_internationalization_support">#</a></span></h1>
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<p>Node.js has many features that make it easier to write internationalized
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programs. Some of them are:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>Locale-sensitive or Unicode-aware functions in the <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/">ECMAScript Language
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Specification</a>:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a></li>
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<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/toLowerCase"><code>String.prototype.toLowerCase()</code></a></li>
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<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/toUpperCase"><code>String.prototype.toUpperCase()</code></a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>All functionality described in the <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma402/">ECMAScript Internationalization API
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Specification</a> (aka ECMA-402):</p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl"><code>Intl</code></a> object</li>
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<li>Locale-sensitive methods like <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/localeCompare"><code>String.prototype.localeCompare()</code></a> and
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<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date/toLocaleString"><code>Date.prototype.toLocaleString()</code></a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>The <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api">WHATWG URL parser</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name">internationalized domain names</a> (IDNs) support</li>
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<li><a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer_transcode_source_fromenc_toenc"><code>require('buffer').transcode()</code></a></li>
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<li>More accurate <a href="repl.html#repl_repl">REPL</a> line editing</li>
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<li><a href="util.html#util_class_util_textdecoder"><code>require('util').TextDecoder</code></a></li>
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<li><a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-regexp-unicode-property-escapes"><code>RegExp</code> Unicode Property Escapes</a></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Node.js (and its underlying V8 engine) uses <a href="http://site.icu-project.org/">ICU</a> to implement these features
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in native C/C++ code. However, some of them require a very large ICU data file
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in order to support all locales of the world. Because it is expected that most
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Node.js users will make use of only a small portion of ICU functionality, only
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a subset of the full ICU data set is provided by Node.js by default. Several
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options are provided for customizing and expanding the ICU data set either when
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building or running Node.js.</p>
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<h2>Options for building Node.js<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_options_for_building_node_js" id="intl_options_for_building_node_js">#</a></span></h2>
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<p>To control how ICU is used in Node.js, four <code>configure</code> options are available
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during compilation. Additional details on how to compile Node.js are documented
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in <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/BUILDING.md">BUILDING.md</a>.</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>--with-intl=none</code>/<code>--without-intl</code></li>
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<li><code>--with-intl=system-icu</code></li>
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<li><code>--with-intl=small-icu</code> (default)</li>
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<li><code>--with-intl=full-icu</code></li>
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</ul>
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<p>An overview of available Node.js and JavaScript features for each <code>configure</code>
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option:</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th></th><th><code>none</code></th><th><code>system-icu</code></th><th><code>small-icu</code></th><th><code>full-icu</code></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a></td><td>none (function is no-op)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><code>String.prototype.to*Case()</code></td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl"><code>Intl</code></a></td><td>none (object does not exist)</td><td>partial/full (depends on OS)</td><td>partial (English-only)</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/localeCompare"><code>String.prototype.localeCompare()</code></a></td><td>partial (not locale-aware)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><code>String.prototype.toLocale*Case()</code></td><td>partial (not locale-aware)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number/toLocaleString"><code>Number.prototype.toLocaleString()</code></a></td><td>partial (not locale-aware)</td><td>partial/full (depends on OS)</td><td>partial (English-only)</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><code>Date.prototype.toLocale*String()</code></td><td>partial (not locale-aware)</td><td>partial/full (depends on OS)</td><td>partial (English-only)</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api">WHATWG URL Parser</a></td><td>partial (no IDN support)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="buffer.html#buffer_buffer_transcode_source_fromenc_toenc"><code>require('buffer').transcode()</code></a></td><td>none (function does not exist)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="repl.html#repl_repl">REPL</a></td><td>partial (inaccurate line editing)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="util.html#util_class_util_textdecoder"><code>require('util').TextDecoder</code></a></td><td>partial (basic encodings support)</td><td>partial/full (depends on OS)</td><td>partial (Unicode-only)</td><td>full</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-regexp-unicode-property-escapes"><code>RegExp</code> Unicode Property Escapes</a></td><td>none (invalid <code>RegExp</code> error)</td><td>full</td><td>full</td><td>full</td></tr></tbody></table>
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<p>The "(not locale-aware)" designation denotes that the function carries out its
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operation just like the non-<code>Locale</code> version of the function, if one
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exists. For example, under <code>none</code> mode, <code>Date.prototype.toLocaleString()</code>'s
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operation is identical to that of <code>Date.prototype.toString()</code>.</p>
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<h3>Disable all internationalization features (<code>none</code>)<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none" id="intl_disable_all_internationalization_features_none">#</a></span></h3>
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<p>If this option is chosen, most internationalization features mentioned above
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will be <strong>unavailable</strong> in the resulting <code>node</code> binary.</p>
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<h3>Build with a pre-installed ICU (<code>system-icu</code>)<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_build_with_a_pre_installed_icu_system_icu" id="intl_build_with_a_pre_installed_icu_system_icu">#</a></span></h3>
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<p>Node.js can link against an ICU build already installed on the system. In fact,
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most Linux distributions already come with ICU installed, and this option would
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make it possible to reuse the same set of data used by other components in the
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OS.</p>
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<p>Functionalities that only require the ICU library itself, such as
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<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a> and the <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api">WHATWG URL parser</a>, are fully
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supported under <code>system-icu</code>. Features that require ICU locale data in
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addition, such as <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a> <em>may</em> be fully or partially
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supported, depending on the completeness of the ICU data installed on the
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system.</p>
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<h3>Embed a limited set of ICU data (<code>small-icu</code>)<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_embed_a_limited_set_of_icu_data_small_icu" id="intl_embed_a_limited_set_of_icu_data_small_icu">#</a></span></h3>
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<p>This option makes the resulting binary link against the ICU library statically,
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and includes a subset of ICU data (typically only the English locale) within
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the <code>node</code> executable.</p>
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<p>Functionalities that only require the ICU library itself, such as
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<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a> and the <a href="url.html#url_the_whatwg_url_api">WHATWG URL parser</a>, are fully
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supported under <code>small-icu</code>. Features that require ICU locale data in addition,
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such as <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a>, generally only work with the English locale:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-js">const january = new Date(9e8);
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const english = new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en', { month: 'long' });
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const spanish = new Intl.DateTimeFormat('es', { month: 'long' });
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console.log(english.format(january));
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// Prints "January"
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console.log(spanish.format(january));
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// Prints "M01" on small-icu
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// Should print "enero"
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</code></pre>
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<p>This mode provides a good balance between features and binary size, and it is
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the default behavior if no <code>--with-intl</code> flag is passed. The official binaries
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are also built in this mode.</p>
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<h4>Providing ICU data at runtime<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_providing_icu_data_at_runtime" id="intl_providing_icu_data_at_runtime">#</a></span></h4>
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|
<p>If the <code>small-icu</code> option is used, one can still provide additional locale data
|
|
at runtime so that the JS methods would work for all ICU locales. Assuming the
|
|
data file is stored at <code>/some/directory</code>, it can be made available to ICU
|
|
through either:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <a href="cli.html#cli_node_icu_data_file"><code>NODE_ICU_DATA</code></a> environment variable:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">env NODE_ICU_DATA=/some/directory node
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>The <a href="cli.html#cli_icu_data_dir_file"><code>--icu-data-dir</code></a> CLI parameter:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-shell">node --icu-data-dir=/some/directory
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>(If both are specified, the <code>--icu-data-dir</code> CLI parameter takes precedence.)</p>
|
|
<p>ICU is able to automatically find and load a variety of data formats, but the
|
|
data must be appropriate for the ICU version, and the file correctly named.
|
|
The most common name for the data file is <code>icudt6X[bl].dat</code>, where <code>6X</code> denotes
|
|
the intended ICU version, and <code>b</code> or <code>l</code> indicates the system's endianness.
|
|
Check <a href="http://userguide.icu-project.org/icudata">"ICU Data"</a> article in the ICU User Guide for other supported formats
|
|
and more details on ICU data in general.</p>
|
|
<p>The <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/full-icu">full-icu</a> npm module can greatly simplify ICU data installation by
|
|
detecting the ICU version of the running <code>node</code> executable and downloading the
|
|
appropriate data file. After installing the module through <code>npm i full-icu</code>,
|
|
the data file will be available at <code>./node_modules/full-icu</code>. This path can be
|
|
then passed either to <code>NODE_ICU_DATA</code> or <code>--icu-data-dir</code> as shown above to
|
|
enable full <code>Intl</code> support.</p>
|
|
<h3>Embed the entire ICU (<code>full-icu</code>)<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_embed_the_entire_icu_full_icu" id="intl_embed_the_entire_icu_full_icu">#</a></span></h3>
|
|
<p>This option makes the resulting binary link against ICU statically and include
|
|
a full set of ICU data. A binary created this way has no further external
|
|
dependencies and supports all locales, but might be rather large. See
|
|
<a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/BUILDING.md#build-with-full-icu-support-all-locales-supported-by-icu">BUILDING.md</a> on how to compile a binary using this mode.</p>
|
|
<h2>Detecting internationalization support<span><a class="mark" href="#intl_detecting_internationalization_support" id="intl_detecting_internationalization_support">#</a></span></h2>
|
|
<p>To verify that ICU is enabled at all (<code>system-icu</code>, <code>small-icu</code>, or
|
|
<code>full-icu</code>), simply checking the existence of <code>Intl</code> should suffice:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-js">const hasICU = typeof Intl === 'object';
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Alternatively, checking for <code>process.versions.icu</code>, a property defined only
|
|
when ICU is enabled, works too:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-js">const hasICU = typeof process.versions.icu === 'string';
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>To check for support for a non-English locale (i.e. <code>full-icu</code> or
|
|
<code>system-icu</code>), <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DateTimeFormat"><code>Intl.DateTimeFormat</code></a> can be a good distinguishing factor:</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="language-js">const hasFullICU = (() => {
|
|
try {
|
|
const january = new Date(9e8);
|
|
const spanish = new Intl.DateTimeFormat('es', { month: 'long' });
|
|
return spanish.format(january) === 'enero';
|
|
} catch (err) {
|
|
return false;
|
|
}
|
|
})();
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<p>For more verbose tests for <code>Intl</code> support, the following resources may be found
|
|
to be helpful:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/srl295/btest402">btest402</a>: Generally used to check whether Node.js with <code>Intl</code> support is
|
|
built correctly.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://github.com/tc39/test262/tree/master/test/intl402">Test262</a>: ECMAScript's official conformance test suite includes a section
|
|
dedicated to ECMA-402.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
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