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RELEASE NOTES
Version 4.8.next
================
- Planned features
- specialized solver support for QF_ABV and ABV based on lazy SMT and dual reduction
- the smtfd solver and tactic implement this strategy, but is not prime for users.
- introduction of simple induction lemmas to handle a limited repertoire of induction proofs.
- circuit optimization techniques for BV in-processing are available as the sat.cut
option, but at this point does not translate into benefits. It is currently
turned off by default.
Version 4.8.12
==============
Release provided to fix git tag discrepancy issues with 4.8.11
Version 4.8.11
==============
- self-contained character theory, direct support for UTF8, Unicode character sets.
Characters are by default unicode with an 18 bit range.
- support for incremental any-time MaxSAT using the option opt.enable_lns. The API
allows registering a callback function that is invoked on each incremental improvement
to objectives.
Version 4.8.10
==============
- rewritten arithmetic solver replacing legacy arithmetic solver and on by default
Version 4.8.9
=============
- New features
- significant improvements to regular expression solving
- expose user theory plugin. It is a leaner user theory plugin that was once available.
It allows for registering callbacks that react to when bit-vector and Boolean variables
receive fixed values.
- Bug fixes
- many
- Notes
- the new arithmetic theory is turned on by default. It _does_ introduce regressions on
several scenarios, but has its own advantages. Users can turn on the old solver by setting smt.arith.solver=2.
Depending on feedback, we may turn toggle this default setting again back to smt.arith.solver=2.
Version 4.8.8
=============
- New features
- rewritten NIA (non-linear integer arithmetic) core solver
It is enabled in selected theories as default.
The legacy arithmetic solver remains the overall default in this release
as the rewritten solver shows regressions (on mainly NRA problems).
- recursive function representation without hoisting ite expressions. Issue #2601
- model-based interpolation for quantifier-free UF, arithmetic
- Julia bindings over the C++ API, thanks to ahumenberger
- Bug fixes
- numerous, many based on extensive fuzz testing.
Thanks to 5hadowblad3, muchang, numairmansur, rainoftime, wintered
- Notes
- recursive functions are unfolded with separate increments based on unsat core
analysis of blocking literals that are separate for different recursive functions.
- the seq (string) solver has been revised in several ways and likely shows some
regressions in this release.
Version 4.8.7
=============
- New features
- setting parameter on solver over the API by
solver.smtlib2_log=<filename>
enables tracing calls into the solver as SMTLIB2 commands.
It traces, assert, push, pop, check_sat, get_consequences.
- Notes
- various bug fixes
- remove model_compress. Use model.compact
- print weights with quantifiers when weight is != 1
Version 4.8.6
=============
- Notes
- various bug fixes
- built in support for PIP, thanks to Audrey Dutcher
- VS compilation mode including misc flags for managed packages
Version 4.8.5
=============
- Notes
- various bug fixes
Version 4.8.4
=============
- Notes
- fixes bugs
- a substantial update to how the seq theory solver handles regular
expressions. Other performance improvements to the seq solver.
- Managed .NET DLLs include dotnet standard 1.4 on supported platforms.
- Windows Managed DLLs are strong signed in the released binaries.
Version 4.8.3
=============
- New features
- Native handling of recursive function definitions, thanks to Simon Cruanes
- PB rounding based option for conflict resolution when reasoning about PB constraints.
- Access to numeral constants as a double from the native API.
- Notes
- fixes several bugs discovered since the 4.8.1 release.
Version 4.8.2
=============
- Post-Release.
Version 4.8.1
=============
- Release. Bug-fix for 4.8.0
Version 4.8.0
=============
- New requirements:
- A breaking change to the API is that parsers for SMT-LIB2 formulas return a vector of
formulas as opposed to a conjunction of formulas. The vector of formulas correspond to
the set of "assert" instructions in the SMT-LIB input.
- New features
- A parallel mode is available for select theories, including QF_BV.
By setting parallel.enable=true Z3 will spawn a number of worker threads proportional to the
number of available CPU cores to apply cube and conquer solving on the goal.
- The SAT solver by default handle cardinality and PB constraints using a custom plugin
that operates directly on cardinality and PB constraints.
- A "cube" interface is exposed over the solver API.
- Model conversion is first class over the textual API, such that subgoals created from running a
solver can be passed in text files and a model for the original formula can be recreated from the result.
- This has also led to changes in how models are tracked over tactic subgoals. The API for
extracting models from apply_result have been replaced.
- An optional mode handles xor constraints using a custom xor propagator.
It is off by default and its value not demonstrated.
- The SAT solver includes new inprocessing techniques that are available during simplification.
It performs asymmetric tautology elimination by default, and one can turn on more powerful inprocessing techniques
(known as ACCE, ABCE, CCE). Asymmetric branching also uses features introduced in Lingeling by exploiting binary implication graphs.
Use sat.acce=true to enable the full repertoire of inprocessing methods. By default, clauses that are "eliminated" by acce are tagged
as lemmas (redundant) and are garbage collected if their glue level is high.
- Substantial overhaul of the spacer horn clause engine.
- Added basic features to support Lambda bindings.
- Added model compression to eliminate local function definitions in models when
inlining them does not incur substantial overhead. The old behavior, where models are left
uncompressed can be replayed by setting the top-level parameter model_compress=false.
- Integration of a new solver for linear integer arithmetic and mixed linear integer arithmetic by Lev Nachmanson.
It incorporates several improvements to QF_LIA solving based on
. using a better LP engine, which is already the foundation for QF_LRA
. including cuts based on Hermite Normal Form (thanks to approaches described
in "cuts from proofs" and "cutting the mix").
. extracting integer solutions from LP solutions by tightening bounds selectively.
We use a generalization of Bromberger and Weidenbach that allows avoiding selected
bounds tightenings (https://easychair.org/publications/paper/qGfG).
It solves significantly more problems in the QF_LIA category and may at this point also
be the best solver for your problem as well.
The new solver is enabled only for select SMT-LIB logics. These include QF_LIA, QF_IDL, and QF_UFLIA.
Other theories (still) use the legacy solver for arithmetic. You can enable the new solver by setting
the parameter smt.arith.solver=6 to give it a spin.
- Removed features:
- interpolation API
- duality engine for constrained Horn clauses.
- pdr engine for constrained Horn clauses. The engine's functionality has been
folded into spacer as one of optional strategies.
- long deprecated API functions have been removed from z3_api.h
Version 4.7.1
=============
- New requirements:
- uses stdbool and stdint as part of z3.
- New features:
- none
- Removed features:
- none
- Notes:
This is a minor release prior to a set of planned major updates.
It uses minor version 7 to indicate that the use of stdbool and
stdint are breaking changes to consumers of the C-based API.
Version 4.6.0
=============
- New requirements:
- C++11 capable compiler to build Z3.
- C++ API now requires C++11 or newer.
- New features (including):
- A new string solver from University of Waterloo
- A new linear real arithmetic solver
- Changed behavior for optimization commands from the SMT2 command-line interface.
Objective values are no longer printed by default. They can be retrieved by
issuing the command (get-objectives). Pareto front objectives are accessed by
issuing multiple (check-sat) calls until it returns unsat.
- Removed features:
- Removed support for SMT-LIB 1.x
Version 4.5.0
=============
- New features:
- New theories of strings and sequences.
- Consequence finding API "get-consequences" to compute
set of consequences modulo hard constraints and set of
assumptions. Optimized implementations provided for finite
domains (QF_FD) and for most SMT logics.
- CMake build system (thanks @delcypher).
- New API functions, including accessing assertions, parsing SMT-LIB benchmarks.
- Updated and improved OCaml API (thanks @martin-neuhaeusser).
- Updated and improved Java API (thanks @cheshire).
- New resource limit facilities to avoid non-deterministic timeout behaviour.
You can enable it from the command-line using the switch rlimit=<numeral>.
- New bit-vector simplification and ackermannization
tactics (thanks @MikolasJanota, @nunoplopes).
- QSAT: a new solver for satisfiability of quantified arithmetic formulas.
See: Bjorner, Janota: Playing with Quantified Satisfaction, LPAR 2016.
This is the new default solver for logics LIA, LRA, NRA. It furthermore
can be applied as a tactic on quantified formulas using algebraic
data-types (but excluding selector sub-terms because Z3 does not
specify the semantics of applying a selector to a non-matching
constructor term).
- A specialized logic QF_FD and associated incremental solver
(that supports push/pop).
The QF_FD domain comprises of bit-vectors, enumeration data-types
used only in equalities, and bounded integers: Integers used in
QF_FD problems have to be constrained by a finite bound.
- Queries in the fixedpoint engine are now function symbols and not
formulas with free variables. This makes the association of
free variables in the answers unambiguous. To emulate queries
over compound formulas, introduce a fresh predicate whose
arguments are the relevant free variables in the formula and add a rule
that uses the fresh predicate in the head and formula in the body.
- Minimization of unsat cores is available as an option for the SAT and SMT cores.
By setting smt.core.minimize=true resp. sat.core.minimize=true
cores produced by these modules are minimized.
- A multitude of bugs has been fixed.
Version 4.4.1
=============
- This release marks the transition to the new GitHub fork & pull model; the unstable and contrib branches will be retired with all new contributions going into the master branch directly.
- A multitude of bugs has been fixed.
- New Feature: Support for optimization queries. The SMT-LIB2 command language
is augmented by three commands (maximize <expr>), (minimize <expr)
and (assert-soft <expr> [:weight <numeral>] [:id <identifier>]).
The programmatic API also contains a dedicated context for solving
optimization queries. The TACAS 2015 tool paper by Bjorner, Dung and
Fleckenstein describes additional details and the online tutorial on
http://rise4fun.com/z3opt illustrates some uses.
Version 4.4.0
=============
- New feature: Support for the theory of floating-point numbers. This comes in the form of logics (QF_FP and QF_FPBV), tactics (qffp and qffpbv), as well as a theory plugin that allows theory combinations. Z3 supports the official SMT theory definition of FP (see http://smtlib.cs.uiowa.edu/theories/FloatingPoint.smt2) in SMT2 files, as well as all APIs.
- New feature: Stochastic local search engine for bit-vector formulas (see the qfbv-sls tactic).
See also: Froehlich, Biere, Wintersteiger, Hamadi: Stochastic Local Search
for Satisfiability Modulo Theories, AAAI 2015.
- Upgrade: This release includes a brand new OCaml/ML API that is much better integrated with the build system, and hopefully also easier to use than the previous one.
- Fixed various bugs reported by Marc Brockschmidt, Venkatesh-Prasad Ranganath, Enric Carbonell, Morgan Deters, Tom Ball, Malte Schwerhoff, Amir Ebrahimi, Codeplex users rsas, clockish, Heizmann, susmitj, steimann, and Stackoverflow users user297886.
Version 4.3.2
=============
- Added preliminary support for the theory of floating point numbers (tactics qffpa, qffpabv, and logics QF_FPA, QF_FPABV).
- Added the interpolation features of iZ3, which are now integrated into Z3.
- Fixed a multitude of bugs and inconsistencies that were reported to us either in person, by email, or on Codeplex. Of those that we do have records of, we would like to express our gratitude to:
Vladimir Klebanov, Konrad Jamrozik, Nuno Lopes, Carsten Ruetz, Esteban Pavese, Tomer Weiss, Ilya Mironov, Gabriele Paganelli, Levent Erkok, Fabian Emmes, David Cok, Etienne Kneuss, Arlen Cox, Matt Lewis, Carsten Otto, Paul Jackson, David Monniaux, Markus Rabe, Martin Pluecker, Jasmin Blanchette, Jules Villard, Andrew Gacek, George Karpenkov, Joerg Pfaehler, and Pablo Aledo
as well as the following Codeplex users that either reported bugs or took part in discussions:
xor88, parno, gario, Bauna, GManNickG, hanwentao, dinu09, fhowar, Cici, chinissai, barak_cohen, tvalentyn, krikunts, sukyoung, daramos, snedunuri, rajtendulkar, sonertari, nick8325, dvitek, amdragon, Beatgodes, dmonniaux, nickolai, DameNingen, mangpo, ttsiodras, blurium, sbrickey, pcodemod, indranilsaha, apanda, hougaardj, yoff, EfForEffort, Ansotegui, scottgw, viorelpreoteasa, idudka, c2855337, gario, jnfoster, omarmrivas, switicus, vosandi, foens, yzwwf, Heizmann, znajem, ilyagri, hougaardj, cliguda, rgrig, 92c849c1ccc707173, edmcman, cipher1024, MichaelvW, hellok, n00b42, ic3guy, Adorf, tvcsantos, zilongwang, Elarnon, immspw, jbridge99, danliew, zverlov, petross, jmh93, dradorf, fniksic, Heyji, cxcfan, henningg, wxlfrank, rvprasad, MovGP0, jackie1015, cowang, ffaghih, sanpra1989, gzchenyin, baitman, xjtulixiangyang, andreis, trucnguyenlam, erizzi, hanhchi, qsp, windypan, vadave, gradanne, SamWot, gsingh93, manjeetdahiya, zverlov, RaLa, and regehr.
- New parameter setting infrastructure. Now, it is possible to set parameter for Z3 internal modules. Several parameter names changed. Execute `z3 -p` for the new parameter list.
- Added get_version() and get_version_string() to Z3Py
- Added support for FreeBSD. Z3 can be compiled on FreeBSD using g++.
- Added support for Python 3.x.
- Reverted to `(set-option :global-decls false)` as the default. In Z3 4.3.0 and Z3 4.3.1, this option was set to true.
Thanks to Julien Henry for reporting this problem.
- Added `doc` directory and scripts for automatically generating the API documentation.
- Removed 'autoconf' dependency. We do not need to execute 'autoconf' and './configure' anymore to build Z3.
- Fixed incorrect result returned by Z3_solver_get_num_scopes. (Thanks to Herman Venter). This bug was introduced in Z3 4.3.0
- Java bindings. To enable them, we must use the option `--java` when executing the `mk_make.py` script. Example: `python scripts/mk_make.py --java`
- Fixed crash when parsing incorrect formulas. The crash was introduced when support for "arithmetic coercions" was added in Z3 4.3.0.
- Added new option to mk_make to allow users to specify where python bindings (Z3Py) will be installed. (Thanks to Dejan Jovanovic for reporting the problem).
- Fixed crash reported at http://z3.codeplex.com/workitem/10
- Removed auxiliary constants created by the nnf tactic from Z3 models.
- Fixed problem in the pretty printer. It was not introducing quotes for attribute names such as |foo:10|.
- Fixed bug when using assumptions (Thanks to Philippe Suter and Etienne Kneuss)
Consider the following example:
(assert F)
(check-sat a)
(check-sat)
If 'F' is unstatisfiable independently of the assumption 'a', and
the inconsistency can be detected by just performing propagation,
Then, version <= 4.3.1 may return
unsat
sat
instead of
unsat
unsat
We say may because 'F' may have other unsatisfiable cores.
- Fixed bug reported at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13923316/unprintable-solver-model
- Fixed timers on Linux and FreeBSD.
- Fixed crash reported at http://z3.codeplex.com/workitem/11.
- Fixed bug reported at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14307692/unknown-when-using-defs
- Relax check_logic procedure. Now, it accepts coercions (to_real) automatically introduced by Z3. (Thanks to Paul Jackson). This is a fix for http://z3.codeplex.com/workitem/19.
- Fixed http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14524316/z3-4-3-get-complete-model.
- Fixed bugs in the C++ API (Thanks to Andrey Kupriyanov).
- Fixed bug reported at http://z3.codeplex.com/workitem/23 (Thanks to Paul Jackson).
- Fixed bug reported at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/15226944/segmentation-fault-in-z3 (Thanks to Tianhai Liu).
Version 4.3.1
=============
- Added support for compiling Z3 using clang++ on Linux and OSX
- Added missing compilation option (-D _EXTERNAL_RELEASE) in release mode.
Version 4.3.0
=============
- Fixed bug during model construction reported by Heizmann (http://z3.codeplex.com/workitem/5)
- Remark: We skipped version 4.2 due to a mistake when releasing 4.1.2. Version 4.1.2 was accidentally tagged as 4.2.
Thanks to Claude Marche for reporting this issue.
From now on, we are also officially moving to a 3 number naming convention for version numbers.
The idea is to have more frequent releases containing bug fixes.
- The Z3 codebase was reorganized, we also have a new build system.
In all platforms, we need Python 2.7.x installed.
On Windows, you can build using Visual Studio Command Prompt.
On Linux, OSX, Cygwin, you can build using g++. See README
for compilation instructions.
- Removed tactic mip. It was based on code that was deleted during the code reorganization.
- Fixed compilation problems with clang/llvm. Many thanks to Xi Wang for finding the problem, and suggesting the fix.
- Now, Z3 automatically adds arithmetic coercions: to_real and to_int.
Option (set-option :int-real-coercions false) disables this feature.
If SMTLIB2_COMPLIANT=true in the command line, then :int-real-coercions is also set to false.
- SMTLIB2_COMPLIANT is false by default. Use command line option SMTLIB2_COMPLIANT=true to enable it back.
- Added "make install" and "make uninstall" to Makefile.in.
- Added "make install-z3py" and "make uninstall-z3py" to Makefile.in.
- Fixed crash/bug in the simplifier. The crash occurred when option ":sort-sums true" was used.
- Added "--with-python=<path>" option to configure script.
- Cleaned c++, maxsat, test_mapi examples.
- Move RELEASE_NOTES files to source code distribution.
- Removed unnecessary files from source code distribution.
- Removed unnecessary compilation modes from z3-prover.sln.
- Added Xor procedure to Z3Py.
- Z3 by default switches to an incremental solver when a Solver object is used to solve many queries.
In the this version, we switch back to the tactic framework if the incremental solver returns "unknown".
- Allow negative numerals in the SMT 2.0 frontend. That is, Z3 SMT 2.0 parser now accepts numerals such as "-2". It is not needed to encode them as "(- 2)" anymore.
The parser still accepts -foo as a symbol. That is, it is *not* a shorthand for (- foo).
This feature is disabled when SMTLIB2_COMPLIANT=true is set in the command line.
- Now, Z3 can be compiled inside cygwin using gcc.
- Fixed bug in the unsat core generation.
First source code release (October 2, 2012)
===========================================
- Fixed bug in Z3Py. The method that builds Z3 applications could crash if one of the arguments have to be "casted" into the correct sort (Thanks to Dennis Yurichev).
- Fixed bug in datatype theory (Thanks to Ayrat).
- Fixed bug in the definition of MkEmptySet and MkFullSet in the .Net API.
- Display warning message and ignore option CASE_SPLIT=3,4 or 5 when auto configuration is enabled (AUTO_CONFIG=true) (Thanks Tobias from StackOverflow).
- Made the predicates <, <=, > and >= chainable as defined in the SMT 2.0 standard (Thanks to Matthias Weiler).
- Added missing Z3_decl_kind's for datatypes: Z3_OP_DT_CONSTRUCTOR, Z3_OP_DT_ACCESSOR, Z3_OP_DT_RECOGNISER.
- Added support for numbers in scientific notation at Z3_ast Z3_mk_numeral(__in Z3_context c, __in Z3_string numeral, __in Z3_sort ty).
- New builtin symbols in the arithmetic theory: pi, euler, sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh. The first two are constants, and the others are unary functions. These symbols are not available if a SMT 2.0 logic is specified (e.g., QF_LRA, QF_NRA, QF_LIA, etc) because these symbols are not defined in these logics. That is, the new symbols are only available if the logic is not specified.
Version 4.1
===========
- New OCAML API (Many thanks to Josh Berdine)
- CodeContracts in the .NET API (Many thanks to Francesco Logozzo).
Users can now check whether they are using the .NET API correctly
using <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/devlabs/dd491992">Clousot</a>.
- Added option :error-behavior. The default value is
continued-execution. Now, users can force the Z3 SMT 2.0 frontend to
exit whenever an error is reported. They just have to use the
command (set-option :error-behavior immediate-exit).
- Fixed bug in term-if-then-else elimination (Thanks to Artur Niewiadomski).
- Fixed bug in difference logic detection code (Thanks to Dejan Jovanovic).
- Fixed bug in the pseudo-boolean preprocessor (Thanks to Adrien Champion).
- Fixed bug in bvsmod preprocessing rules (Thanks to Dejan Jovanovic).
- Fixed bug in Tactic tseitin-cnf (Thanks to Georg Hofferek).
- Added missing simplification step in nlsat.
- Fixed bug in model construction for linear real arithmetic (Thanks to Marcello Bersani).
- Fixed bug in preprocessor that eliminated rational powers (e.g., (^ x (/ 1.0 2.0))), the bug affected only problems where the denominator was even (Thanks to Johannes Eriksson).
- Fixed bug in the k-th root operation in the algebraic number package. The result was correct, but the resulting polynomial could be incorrectly tagged as minimal and trigger nontermination on comparison operations. (Thanks to Johannes Eriksson).
- Fixed bug affecting problems containing patterns with n-ary arithmetic terms such as (p (+ x y 2)). This bug was introduced in Z3 4.0. (Thanks to Paul Jackson).
- Fixed crash when running out of memory.
- Fixed crash reported by Alex Summers. The crash was happening on scripts that contain quantifiers, and use boolean formulas inside terms.
- Fixed crash in the MBQI module (Thanks to Stephan Falke).
- Fixed bug in the E-matching engine. It was missing instances of multi-patterns (Thanks Alex Summers).
- Fixed bug in Z3Py pretty printer.
- The pattern inference module does not generate warning messages by default anymore. This module was responsible for producing messages such as: "WARNING: failed to find a pattern for quantifier (quantifier id: k!199)". The option PI_WARNINGS=true can be used to enable these warning messages.
- Added missing return statements in z3++.h (Thanks to Daniel Neider).
- Removed support for TPTP5 and Simplify input formats.
- Removed support for Z3 (low-level) input format. It is still available in the API.
- Removed support for "SMT 1.5" input format (aka .smtc files). This was a hybrid input format that was implemented while the SMT 2.0 standard was being designed. Users should move to SMT 2.0 format. Note that SMT 1.0 format is still available.
- Made tseitin-cnf tactic more "user friendly". It automatically applies required transformations needed to eliminate operators such as: and, distinct, etc.
- Implemented new PSC (principal subresultant coefficient) algorithm. This was one of the bottlenecks in the new nlsat solver/tactic.
Version 4.0
===========
Z3 4.0 is a major release. The main new features are:
- New C API, and it is backwards compatible, but several methods are marked as deprecated.
In the new API, many solvers can be created in the same context. It also includes support
for user defined strategies using Tactics. It also exposes a new interface for browsing models.
- A thin C++ layer around the C API that illustrates how to
leverage reference counting of ast objects.
Several examples can be found in the directory 'examples/c++'.
- New .NET API together with updated version of the legacy .NET API.
The new .NET API supports the new features, Tactics, Solvers, Goals,
and integration of with reference counting. Terms and sorts life-times
no longer requires a scoping discipline.
- <a class="el" href="http://rise4fun.com/Z3Py/tutorial/guide">Z3Py: Python interface for Z3</a>.
It covers all main features in the Z3 API.
- <a class="el" href="http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=159549">NLSAT solver</a> for nonlinear arithmetic.
- The PDR algorithm in muZ.
- iZ3: an interpolating theorem prover built on top of Z3 (\ref iz3documentation). iZ3 is only available for Windows and Linux.
- New logging infrastructure. Z3 logs are used to record every Z3 API call performed by your application.
If you find a bug, just the log need to be sent to the Z3 team.
The following APIs were removed: Z3_trace_to_file, Z3_trace_to_stderr, Z3_trace_to_stdout, Z3_trace_off.
The APIs: Z3_open_log, Z3_append_log and Z3_close_log do not receive a Z3_context anymore.
When creating a log, you must invoke Z3_open_log before any other Z3 function call.
The new logs are much more precise.
However, they still have two limitations. They are not useful for logging applications that use callbacks (e.g., theory plugins)
because the log interpreter does not have access to these callbacks.
They are not precise for applications that are using multiple threads for processing multiple Z3 contexts.
- Z3 (for Linux and OSX) does not depend on GMP anymore.
- Z3 1.x backwards compatibility macros are defined in z3_v1.h. If you still use them, you have to explicitly include this file.
- Fixed all bugs reported at Stackoverflow.
Temporarily disabled features:
- User theories cannot be used with the new Solver API yet. Users may still use them with the deprecated solver API.
- Parallel Z3 is also disabled in this release. However, we have parallel combinators for creating strategies (See <a href="http://rise4fun.com/Z3/tutorial/strategies"> tutorial</a>).
The two features above will return in future releases.
Here is a list of all <a class="el" href="deprecated.html">deprecated functions</a>.
Version 3.2
===========
This is a bug-fix refresh that fixes reported problems with 3.1.
- Added support for chainable and right associative attributes.
- Fixed model generation for QBVF (aka UFBV) logic. Now, Z3 officially supports the logics BV and UFBV.
These are essentially QF_BV and QF_UFBV with quantifiers.
- Fixed bug in eval and get-value commands. Thanks to Levent Erkok.
- Fixed performance bug that was affecting VCC and Slayer. Thanks to Michal Moskal.
- Fixed time measurement on Linux. Thanks to Ayrat Khalimov.
- Fixed bug in destructive equality resolution (DER=true).
- Fixed bug in map operator in the theory of arrays. Thanks to Shaz Quadeer.
- Improved OCaml build scripts for Windows. Thanks to Josh Berdine.
- Fixed crash in MBQI (when Real variables were used).
- Fixed bugs in quantifier elimination. Thanks to Josh Berdine.
- Fixed crash when an invalid datatype declaration is used.
- Fixed bug in the SMT2 parser.
- Fixed crash in quick checker for quantified formulas. Thanks to Swen Jacobs.
- Fixed bug in the bvsmod simplifier. Thanks to Trevor Hansen.
- New APIs: \c Z3_substitute and \c Z3_substitute_vars.
- Fixed crash in MBQI. Thanks to Dejan Jovanovic.
Version 3.1
===========
This is a bug-fix refresh that fixes reported problems with 3.0.
- Fixed a bug in model generation. Thanks to Arlen Cox and Gordon Fraser.
- Fixed a bug in Z3_check_assumptions that prevented it from being used between satisfiable instances. Thanks to Krystof Hoder.
- Fixed two bugs in quantifier elimination. Thanks to Josh Berdine.
- Fixed bugs in the preprocessor.
- Fixed performance bug in MBQI. Thanks to Kathryn Stolee.
- Improved strategy for QBVF (aka UFBV) logic.
- Added support for negative assumptions in the check-sat command.
Version 3.0
===========
- Fully compliant SMT-LIB 2.0 (SMT2) front-end. The old front-end is still available (command line option -smtc).
The <a class="el" href="http://rise4fun.com/z3/tutorial/guide">Z3 Guide</a> describes the new front-end.
- Parametric inductive datatypes, and parametric user defined types.
- New SAT solver. Z3 can also read dimacs input formulas.
- New Bitvector (QF_BV) solver. The new solver is only available when using the new SMT2 front-end.
- Major performance improvements.
- New preprocessing stack.
- Performance improvements for linear and nonlinear arithmetic. The improvements are only available when using the SMT2 front-end.
- Added API for parsing SMT2 files.
- Fixed bug in AUTO_CONFIG=true. Thanks to Alberto Griggio.
- Fixed bug in the Z3 simplifier cache. It was not being reset during backtracking. Thanks to Alberto Griggio.
- Fixed many other bugs reported by users.
- Improved model-based quantifier instantiation (MBQI).
- New solver for Quantified Bitvector Logic (QBVF).
- Z3 checks the user specified logic.
- <a href="http://www.cs.miami.edu/~tptp/">TPTP</a> 5 front-end.
Version 2.19
============
- In the SMT-LIB 1.0 frontend, Z3 will only display the model when requested by the user (MODEL=true).
- Fixed bug in the variable elimination preprocessor. Thanks to Alberto Griggio.
- Fixed bug in the expression strong simplifier. Thanks to Marko.
- Fixed bug in the Z3 auto configuration mode. Thanks to Vladimir Klebanov.
- Fixed bug when model generation is used in the context of user-defined-theories. Thanks to Philippe Suter.
- Fixed bug in quantifier elimination procedure. Thanks to Mikkel Larsen Pedersen.
- Improved speed of Z3 lexer for SMT-LIB frontend.
- Added a sample under examples/fixedpoints to illustrate using
the API for pluggable relations.
- Added an API method \c Z3_get_param_value for retrieving a
configuration value given a configuration parameter name.
Version 2.18
============
- Z3 has a new mode for solving fixed-point queries.
It allows formulating Datalogish queries combined with constraints.
<a class="el" href="http://rise4fun.com/z3py/tutorial/fixedpoints">Try it online</a>.
- Fixed bug that affects the array theory over the API using
RELEVANCY=0. Thanks to Josh Berdine.
Version 2.17
============
- Z3 has new model finding capabilities for Quantified SMT formulas.
The new features are enabled with <tt>MBQI=true</tt>.
(Model Based Quantifier Instantiation). MBQI implements a
counter-example based refinement loop, where candidate models are
built and checked. When the model checking step fails, it creates new
quantifier instantiations. The models are returned as simple
functional programs. The new feature is also a decision procedure for
many known decidable fragments such as: EPR (Effectively
Propositional), Bradley&Manna&Sipma's Array Property Fragment (VMCAI'06), Almost
Uninterpreted Fragment (Complete instantiation for quantified SMT formulas, CAV'09),
McPeak&Necula's list fragment (CAV'05), QBVF (Quantified Bit-Vector Formulas FMCAD'10),
to cite a few.
MBQI is useful for checking the consistency of background axiomatizations,
synthesizing functions, and building real counterexamples for
verification tools. Users can constrain the search space by
providing templates for function symbols, and constraints
on the size of the universe and range of functions.
- Fixed bug in the command <tt>(simplify [expr])</tt> SMT-LIB 2.0 frontend.
- New model pretty printer. The old style is still available (option <tt>MODEL_V2=true</tt>).
Z3 1.x style is also available (option <tt>MODEL_V1=true</tt>).
- Removed \c ARRAY_PROPERTY option. It is subsumed by <tt>MBQI=true</tt>.
- Z3 uses the <tt>(set-logic [name])</tt> to configure itself.
- Assumptions can be provided to the \c check-sat command.
The command <tt>(check-sat [assumptions])</tt> checks the satisfiability of the logical context modulo
the given set of assumptions. The assumptions must be Boolean constants or
the negation of Boolean constants. When the logical context is
unsatisfiable modulo the given assumptions, Z3 will display a subset
of the \c assumptions that contributed to the conflict. Lemmas
learned during the execution of \c check-sat are preserved.
- Added command <tt>(echo [string])</tt> to the SMT-LIB 2.0 frontend.
- Z3 models explicitly include an interpretation for uninterpreted sorts.
The interpretation is presented using the \c define-sort primitive.
For example,
\code
(define-sort S e_1 ... e_n)
\endcode
states that the interpretation of the uninterpreted sort S is finite, and
its universe is composed by values \c e_1, ..., \c e_n.
- Options \c WARNING and \c VERBOSE can be set in the SMT-LIB 2.0 frontend using
the commands <tt>(set-option WARNING <flag>)</tt> <tt>(set-option VERBOSE <flag>)</tt>.
- Fixed unintentional side-effects in the Z3 pretty printer. Thanks to Swen Jacobs.
- Added interpreted constants of the form <tt>as-array[f]</tt>. The constants
are used in models produced by Z3 to encode the interpretation of arrays.
The following axiom scheme axiomatizes the new constants:
\code
(forall (x1 S1) ... (xn Sn) (= (select as-array[f] x1 ... xn) (f x1 ... xn)))
\endcode
- Fixed bug in the option MACRO_FINDER=true.
- Fixed bug in the <tt>(eval [expr])</tt> command in the SMT-LIB 2.0 frontend.
- Soundness bug in solver for array property fragment. Thanks to Trevor Hansen.
Version 2.16
============
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- Bugs in quantifier elimination. Thanks to Mikkel Larsen Pedersen.
- Crash in non-linear arithmetic. Thanks to Trevor Hansen.
- Unsoundness in mixed integer-linear version using to_real. Thanks to Hirai.
- A crash and bugs in check_assumptions feature. Thanks to Akash Lal and Shaz Qadeer.
Version 2.15
============
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- A bug in the quantifier elimination that affects nested
alternating quantifiers that cannot be fully eliminated.
- A crash in proof generation. Thanks to Sascha Boehme.
Version 2.14
============
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- A crash in arithmetic simplification. Thanks to Trevor Hansen.
- An unsoundness bug in the quantifier elimination.
It affects the equivalence of answers that are computed
in some cases.
- Incorrect printing of parameters and other values
in SMT-LIB2 mode.
Thanks to Tjark Weber.
Version 2.13
============
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- Soundness bug in solver for array property fragment. Thanks to Trevor Hansen.
- Soundness bug introduced in macro expansion utilities. Thanks to Wintersteiger.
- Incorrect handling of QF_NRA. Thanks to Trevor Hansen.
- Mixup between SMT2 and SMT1 pretty printing formats. Thanks to Alvin Cheung and Tjark Weber.
Version 2.12
============
News:
- Philippe Suter made a JNI binding available.
There is also an existing Python binding by Sascha Boehme.
See \ref contrib.
The following features are added in this release:
- Enable check_assumptions without enclosing push/pop.
This resolves the limitation described
in \ref sub_release_limitations_2_0.
- Expose coefficients used in arithmetical proofs.
- Allow quantified theory axioms.
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- Fixes to the SMT-LIB 2.0 pretty printing mode.
- Detect miss-annotated SMT-LIB benchmarks to avoid crashes when
using the wrong solvers. Thanks to Trevor Hansen.
- A digression in the managed API from 2.10
when passing null parameters.
- Crash/incorrect handling of inequalities over the reals
during quantifier elimination.
Thanks to Mikkel Larsen Pedersen.
- Bug in destructive equality resolution.
Thanks to Sascha Boehme.
- Bug in initialization for x64_mt executable on SMT benchmarks.
Thanks to Alvin Cheung.
Version 2.11
============
The following features are added in this release:
- SMT-LIB 2.0 parsing support for (! ..) in quantifiers and (_ ..).
- Allow passing strings to function and sort declarations in the .NET Theory builders.
- Add a parameter to the proof construct for theory lemmas to indicate which theory
provided the lemma.
- More detailed proof production in rewrite steps.
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- A bug in BV propagation. Thanks to Trevor Hansen.
Version 2.10
============
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- Inconsistent printing of integer and real types from
the low level and SMT-LIB pretty printers.
Thanks to Sascha Boehme.
- Missing relevancy propagation and memory smash in
user-theory plugins.
Thanks to Stan Rosenberg.
Version 2.9
===========
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- Incorrect constant folding of extraction for large bit-vectors.
Thanks to Alvin.
- Z3 crashed when using patterns that are variables.
Thanks to Michael Emmi.
- Unsound array property fragment handling of non-integer types.
Thanks to Juergen Christ.
- The quantifier elimination procedure for data-types has
been replaced.
Thanks to Josh Berdine.
- Refresh 2.9.1: Add missing AssumeEq to the .NET managed API.
Thanks to Stan Rosenberg.
Version 2.8
===========
The following features have been added:
- User theories: The user can add theory solvers that
get invoked by Z3's core during search.
See also \ref theory_plugin_ex.
- SMT2 features: parse smt2 let bindings.
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- Incorrect semantics of constant folding for (bvsmod 0 x), where
x is positive, incorrect constant folding for bvsdiv, incorrect
simplification of bvnor, bvnand, incorrect compilation of
bvshl when using a shift amount that evaluates to the length
of the bit-vector. Thanks to Trevor Hansen and Robert Brummayer.
- Incorrect NNF conversion in linear quantifier elimination routines.
Thanks to Josh Berdine.
- Missing constant folding of extraction for large bit-vectors.
Thanks to Alvin.
- Missing APIs for bvredand and bvredor.
Version 2.7
===========
The following features have been added:
- Partial support for SMT-LIB 2.0 format:
Added declare-fun, define-fun, declare-sort, define-sort, get-value
- Added coercion function to_int and testing function is_int.
To coerce from reals to integers and to test whether a real is an integer.
The function to_real was already supported.
- Added Z3_repeat to create the repetition of bit-vectors.
The following bugs are fixed in this release:
- Incorrect semantics of constant folding for bvsmod.
- Incorrect semantics of constant folding for div/mod.
Thanks to Sascha Boehme.
- Non-termination problem associated with option LOOKAHEAD=true.
It gets set for QF_UF in auto-configuration mode.
Thanks to Pierre-Christophe Bu<42>.
- Incorrect axioms created for injective functions.
Thanks to Sascha Boehme.
- Stack overflow during simplification of large nested
bit-vector terms. Thanks to David Molnar.
- Crash in unsat-core generation when enabling SOLVER=true.
Thanks to Lucas Cordeiro.
- Unlimited cache growth while simplifying bit-vectors.
Thanks to Eric Landers.
- Crash when solving array property formulas using non-standard
array operators.
Thanks to Sascha Boehme.
Version 2.6
===========
This release fixes a few bugs.
Thanks to Marko K<><4B>ramees for reporting a bug in the strong context simplifier and
to Josh Berdine.
This release also introduces some new preprocessing features:
- More efficient destructive equality resolution DER=true.
- DISTRIBUTE_FORALL=true (distributes universal quantifiers over conjunctions, this transformation may affect pattern inference).
- Rewriter that uses universally quantified equations PRE_DEMODULATOR=true (yes, the option name is not good, we will change it in a future release).
- REDUCE_ARGS=true (this transformation is essentially a partial ackermannization for functions where a particular argument is always an interpreted value).
- Better support for macro detection (a macro is a universally quantified formula of the form Forall X. F(X) = T[X]). We also change the option name, now it is called MACRO_FINDER=true.
- ELIM_QUANTIFIERS=true enables quantifier elimination methods. Previous variants called QUANT_ARITH are deprecated.
Version 2.5
===========
This release introduces the following features:
- STRONG_CONTEXT_SIMPLIFIER=true allows simplifying sub-formulas
to true/false depending on context-dependent information.
The approach that we use is described on
the <a href="http://community.research.microsoft.com/forums/p/4493/8140.aspx">
Microsoft Z3 forum</a>.
- Some parameter values can be updated over the API. This functionality is called
<tt>Z3_update_param_value</tt> in the C API. This is particularly useful
for turning the strong context simplifier on and off.
It also fixes bugs reported by Enric Rodr<64>guez Carbonell,
Nuno Lopes, Josh Berdine, Ethan Jackson, Rob Quigley and
Lucas Cordeiro.
Version 2.4
===========
This release introduces the following features:
- Labeled literals for the SMT-LIB format.
The Simplify format has supported labeled formulas
to simplify displaying counter-examples.
Section \ref smtlib_labels explains how labels are now
supported in the SMT-LIB format.
- Preliminary support for SMT-LIB2
It fixes the following bugs:
- Bug in non-linear arithmetic routines.
- Crash observed a class of modular integer arithmetic formulas.
- Incomplete saturation leading to incorrectly sat labeling.
- Crash in the bit-vector procedure when using int2bv and bv2int.
Thanks to Michal Moskal, Sascha Boehme and Ethan Jackson.
Version 2.3
===========
This release introduces the following features:
- F# Quotation utilities. The release contains a new directory 'utils'.
It contains utilities built on top of Z3. The main one is support for
translating F# quoted expressions into Z3 formulas.
- QUANT_ARITH configuration.
Complete quantifier-elimination simplification for linear real and linear integer
arithmetic. QUANT_ARITH=1 uses Ferrante/Rackhoff for reals and Cooper's method for integers.
QUANT_ARITH=2 uses Fourier-Motzkin for reals and the Omega test for integers.
It fixes the following bugs:
- Incorrect simplification of map over store in the extended array theory. Reported by Catalin Hritcu.
- Incomplete handling of equality propagation with constant arrays. Reported by Catalin Hritcu.
- Crash in bit-vector theory.
- Incorrectness in proof reconstruction for quantifier manipulation.
Thanks to Catalin Hritcu, Nikolai Tillmann and Sascha Boehme.
Version 2.2
===========
This release fixes minor bugs.
It introduces some additional features in the SMT-LIB front-end
to make it easier to parse new operators in the theory of arrays.
These are described in \ref smtlibext.
Version 2.1
===========
This is a bug fix release.
Many thanks to Robert Brummayer, Carine Pascal, Fran<61>ois Remy,
Rajesh K Karmani, Roberto Lublinerman and numerous others for their
feedback and bug reports.
Version 2.0
===========
- <a href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/leonardo/parallel_z3.pdf">Parallel Z3</a>.
Thanks to Christoph Wintersteiger there is a binary
supporting running multiple instances of Z3 from different threads,
but more interestingly, also making use of multiple cores for
a single formula.
- Check Assumptions.
The binary API exposes a new call #Z3_check_assumptions, which
allows passing in additional assumptions while checking for
consistency of the already asserted formulas.
The API function returns a subset of the assumptions that were
used in an unsatisfiable core. It also returns an optional
proof object.
- Proof Objects.
The #Z3_check_assumptions returns a proof object if
the configuration flag PROOF_MODE is set to 1 or 2.
- Partial support for non-linear arithmetic.
The support uses support for computing Groebner bases.
It allows solving some, but far from all, formulas using
polynomials over the reals. Uses should be aware that the
support for non-linear arithmetic (over the reals) is not complete in Z3.
- Recursive data-types.
The theory of well-founded recursive data-types is supported
over the binary APIs. It supports ground satisfiability checking
for tuples, enumeration types (scalars),
lists and mutually recursive data-types.
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