input: Write a function to create an Environment object that can execute and analyze Python code. The environment includes a set of predefined global variables and functions, and allows for adding additional global variables. It can execute Python code and analyze it for variable usage and imports. It also captures and displays output from executed code using a stdout object.
  
  
  def create_environment(path):
      """
      Creates an Environment object that can execute and analyze Python code.
      
      Args:
      path (str): The path to the directory containing the files to be used.
      
      Returns:
      Environment: An instance of the Environment class configured with the given path.
      """
      import os
      import ast
      import traceback
      import time
      import sys
      import types
      import builtins
      import collections
      import astor
      import weakref
      from .jsonify import jsonify, jsonify_print, jsonify_print_expr
      from .datalayer import Analysis, Execution, FileEdit
      from .router import send
      from . import stdlib
  
      def now():
          return int(time.time() * 1000)
  
      class Environment:
  
          extra_globals = {}
  
          active = weakref.WeakSet()
  
          def __init__(self, path):
              self.path = path
              self.globals = {
                  "print": jsonify_print,
                  "print_expr": jsonify_print_expr,
                  "jsonify": jsonify,
                  "jsonify_print": jsonify_print,
                  "listdir": stdlib.listdir,
                  "__builtins__": __builtins__,
                  "FILES": stdlib.FilesDict(self.path),
              }
              for name in stdlib.builtin_names:
                  self.globals[name] = getattr(stdlib, name)
              self._cached_analysis = {}
              self.active.add(self)
  
          predefined_names = set(["parsed"])
  
          def init_commands(self):
              """Returns a list of commands that represent the existing state of the
              filesystem"""
              for path in os.listdir(self.path):
                  if path.endswith(".json"):
                      continue
                  if not os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.path, path)):
                      continue
                  try:
                      with open(os.path.join(self.path, path), "r") as fp:
                          content = fp.read()
                      yield FileEdit(filename=path, content=content, external_edit=True)
                  except UnicodeDecodeError:
                      pass
  
          def fixup_globals(self):
              for name, value in self.extra_globals.items():
                  self.globals.setdefault(name, value)
  
          def execute(self, filename, content, subexpressions=False):
              print("Executing", filename, subexpressions)
              self.fixup_globals()
              stdout = Stdout()
              compiled = None
              try:
                  parsed = ast.parse(content, filename, mode='exec')
                  RewriteExprToPrint(subexpressions).walk(parsed)
                  var_inspect = VariableInspector()
                  var_inspect.walk(parsed)
                  print("varsed used:", sorted(var_inspect.used), "set:", sorted(var_inspect.set), "imported:", var_inspect.imports)
                  compiled = compile(parsed, filename, 'exec')
              except:
                  stdout.write(traceback.format_exc())
  
              def displayhook(value):
                  stdout.write_repr(value)
  
              orig_displayhook = sys.displayhook
              sys.displayhook = displayhook
              orig_stdout = sys.stdout
              orig_stderr = sys.stderr
              sys.stdout = stdout
              sys.stderr = stdout
              self.globals["parsed"] = parsed
              self.globals["ast"] = ast
              globals_before = self.globals.copy()
              start = time.time()
              try:
                  if compiled:
                      exec(compiled, self.globals)
              except:
                  traceback.print_exc()
              finally:
                  end = time.time()
                  sys.dipslayhook = orig_displayhook
                  sys.stdout = orig_stdout
                  sys.stderr = orig_stderr
              local_scope = dict(
                  (name, value)
                  for name, value in self.globals.items()
                  if name not in globals_before or globals_before[name] is not value)
              defines = dict(
                  (key, {
                      "json": jsonify(local_scope[key]),
                      "type": str(type(local_scope[key])),
                  })
                  for key in local_scope
                  if not isinstance(local_scope[key], types.ModuleType))
              command = Execution(
                  filename=filename,
                  content=content,
                  emitted=stdout.emitted,
                  defines=defines,
                  start_time=int(start * 1000),
                  end_time=int(end * 1000),
                  exec_time=int((end - start) * 1000),
                  with_subexpressions=subexpressions,
              )
              send(command)
  
          def analyze(self, filename, content):
              print("Analyzing", filename)
              properties = {}
              try:
                  parsed = ast.parse(content, filename, mode='exec')
                  var_inspect = VariableInspector()
                  var_inspect.walk(parsed)
              except:
                  return
                  properties["parse_error"] = jsonify(traceback.format_exc())
              else:
                  properties = var_inspect.json
              if properties != self._cached_analysis.get(filename):
                  self._cached_analysis[filename] = properties
                  send(Analysis(filename=filename, content=content, properties=properties))
  
      class VariableInspector(astor.TreeWalk):
  
          builtin_names = dir(builtins)
  
          def init_variables(self):
              self.used = set()
              self.set = set()
              self.imports = set()
              self.in_target = False
  
          @property
          def json(self):
              used = set(self.used)
              for key in self.builtin_names:
                  used.discard(key)
              for key in self.set:
                  used.discard(key)
              for key in Environment.predefined_names:
                  used.discard(key)
              return {
                  "variables_used": list(used),
                  "variables_set": list(self.set),
                  "imports": list(self.imports)
              }
  
          def pre_arg(self):
              self.set.add(self.cur_node.arg)
  
          def pre_Name(self):
              if self.in_target:
                  # Actually this is a set
                  self.set.add(self.cur_node.id)
              else:
                  self.used.add(self.cur_node.id)
  
          def pre_For(self):
              self.process_assignment(self.cur_node.target)
  
          def pre_Assign(self):
              self.process_assignment(self.cur_node.targets)
  
          def pre_withitem(self):
              self.process_assignment(self.cur_node.optional_vars)
  
          def pre_ExceptHandler(self):
              if self.cur_node.name:
                  self.set.add(self.cur_node.name)
  
          def pre_alias(self):
              # Used in imports
              name = self.cur_node.asname or self.cur_node.name
              name = name.split(".")[0]
              self.set.add(name)
              self.imports.add(name)
  
          def pre_FunctionDef(self):
              self.set.add(self.cur_node.name)
  
          def pre_ListComp(self):
              self.process_assignment(self.cur_node.elt)
  
          def process_assignment(self, item):
              if isinstance(item, list):
                  for x in item:
                      self.process_assignment(x)
                  return
              old_in_target = self.in_target
              self.in_target = True
              try:
                  self.walk(item)
              finally:
                  self.in_target = old_in_target
  
      class RewriteExprToPrint(astor.TreeWalk):
  
          expr_node_types = """
          UnaryOp
          BinOp
          BoolOp
          Compare
          Call
          IfExp
          Attribute
          Subscript
          ListComp SetComp GeneratorExp DictComp
          """.split()
          # Skipped:
          #  UAdd USub Not Invert
          #  Add Sub Mult Div FloorDiv Mod Pow LShift RShift BitOr BitXor BitAnd MatMult
          #  And Or
          #  Eq NotEq Lt Gt GtE Is IsNot In NotIn
          #  Index Slice ExtSlice
  
          def __init__(self, subexpressions=False):
              self.subexpressions = subexpressions
              self.id_counter = 0
              astor.TreeWalk.__init__(self)
              if self.subexpressions:
                  for method in self.expr_node_types:
                      self.pre_handlers[method] = self.save_node_name
                      self.post_handlers[method] = self.fixup_subexpressions
                  del self.post_handlers['Module']
  
          def post_Name(self):
              if not self.subexpressions:
                  return
              if isinstance(self.cur_node.ctx, ast.Load):
                  self.replace(self.rewrite_expr(self.cur_node))
  
          def post_Module(self):
              node = self.cur_node
              node.body = [
                  self.rewrite_expr(n) if isinstance(n, ast.Expr) else n
                  for n in node.body]
  
          def save_node_name(self):
              self.cur_node.astor_repr = astor.to_source(self.cur_node)
  
          def fixup_subexpressions(self):
              new_node = self.rewrite_expr(self.cur_node, self.cur_node.astor_repr)
              self.replace(new_node)
  
          def rewrite_expr(self, node, expr_string=None):
              if expr_string is None:
                  expr_string = astor.to_source(node)
              node_string = ast.Str(s=expr_string)
              self.id_counter += 1
              if isinstance(node, ast.Expr):
                  new_node = ast.Expr(
                      ast.Call(
                          func=ast.Name(id='print_expr', ctx=ast.Load()),
                          args=[node_string, node.value, ast.Num(n=self.id_counter)],
                          keywords=[],
                          starargs=None,
                      )
                  )
                  new_node.is_print_expr = True
              else:
                  new_node = ast.Call(
                      func=ast.Name(id='print_expr', ctx=ast.Load()),
                      args=[node_string, node, ast.Num(n=self.id_counter)],
                      keywords=[],
                      starargs=None,
                  )
                  new_node.is_print_expr = True
              ast.fix_missing_locations(new_node)
              return new_node
  
      class Stdout:
  
          total_exprs_limit = 100
          expr_limit = 10
  
          def __init__(self):
              self.emitted = []
              self.total_exprs_printed = 0
              self.exprs_printed = collections.Counter()
  
          def write(self, content):
              self.emitted.append({
                  "type": "print",
                  "time": now(),
                  "parts": [{"type": "str", "str": content}],
              })
  
          def writejson(self, json):
              assert json.get("type"), "JSON objects must have a type"
              json.setdefault("time", now())
              self.emitted.append(json)
  
          def write_repr(self, o):
              self.emitted.append(jsonify(o))
  
          def flush(self):
              pass
  
      def add_global(name, value):
          Environment.extra_globals[name] = value
          Environment.predefined_names.add(name)
          for env in Environment.active:
              env.globals.setdefault(name, value)
  
      return Environment(path)
  
  # Test cases
  env1 = create_environment("path1")
  assert isinstance(env1, Environment)
  
  env2 = create_environment("path2")
  assert isinstance(env2, Environment)
  
  print("All tests passed!")
  
output: 
  def create_environment(path):
      import os
      import ast
      import traceback
      import time
      import sys
      import types
      import builtins
      import collections
      import astor
      import weakref
      from .jsonify import jsonify, jsonify_print, jsonify_print_expr
      from .datalayer import Analysis, Execution, FileEdit
      from .router import send
      from . import stdlib
  
      def now():
          return int(time.time() * 1000)
  
      class Environment:
  
          extra_globals = {}
  
          active = weakref.WeakSet()
  
          def __init__(self, path):
              self.path = path
              self.globals = {
                  "print": jsonify_print,
                  "print_expr": jsonify_print_expr,
                  "jsonify": jsonify,
                  "jsonify_print": jsonify_print,
                  "listdir": stdlib.listdir,
                  "__builtins__": __builtins__,
                  "FILES": stdlib.FilesDict(self.path),
              }
              for name in stdlib.builtin_names:
                  self.globals[name] = getattr(stdlib, name)
              self._cached_analysis = {}
              self.active.add(self)
  
          predefined_names = set(["parsed"])
  
          def init_commands(self):
              for path in os.listdir(self.path):
                  if path.endswith(".json"):
                      continue
                  if not os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.path, path)):
                      continue
                  try:
                      with open(os.path.join(self.path, path), "r") as fp:
                          content = fp.read()
                      yield FileEdit(filename=path, content=content, external_edit=True)
                  except UnicodeDecodeError:
                      pass
  
          def fixup_globals(self):
              for name, value in self.extra_globals.items():
                  self.globals.setdefault(name, value)
  
          def execute(self, filename, content, subexpressions=False):
              self.fixup_globals()
              stdout = Stdout()
              compiled = None
              try:
                  parsed = ast.parse(content, filename, mode='exec')
                  RewriteExprToPrint(subexpressions).walk(parsed)
                  var_inspect = VariableInspector()
                  var_inspect.walk(parsed)
                  compiled = compile(parsed, filename, 'exec')
              except:
                  stdout.write(traceback.format_exc())
  
              def displayhook(value):
                  stdout.write_repr(value)
  
              orig_displayhook = sys.displayhook
              sys.displayhook = displayhook
              orig_stdout = sys.stdout
              orig_stderr = sys.stderr
              sys.stdout = stdout
              sys.stderr = stdout
              self.globals["parsed"] = parsed
              self.globals["ast"] = ast
              globals_before = self.globals.copy()
              start = time.time()
              try:
                  if compiled:
                      exec(compiled, self.globals)
              except:
                  traceback.print_exc()
              finally:
                  end = time.time()
                  sys.displayhook = orig_displayhook
                  sys.stdout = orig_stdout
                  sys.stderr = orig_stderr
              local_scope = dict(
                  (name, value)
                  for name, value in self.globals.items()
                  if name not in globals_before or globals_before[name] is not value)
              defines = dict(
                  (key, {
                      "json": jsonify(local_scope[key]),
                      "type": str(type(local_scope[key])),
                  })
                  for key in local_scope
                  if not isinstance(local_scope[key], types.ModuleType))
              command = Execution(
                  filename=filename,
                  content=content,
                  emitted=stdout.emitted,
                  defines=defines,
                  start_time=int(start * 1000),
                  end_time=int(end * 1000),
                  exec_time=int((end - start) * 1000),
                  with_subexpressions=subexpressions,
              )
              send(command)
  
          def analyze(self, filename, content):
              properties = {}
              try:
                  parsed = ast.parse(content, filename, mode='exec')
                  var_inspect = VariableInspector()
                  var_inspect.walk(parsed)
              except:
                  return
                  properties["parse_error"] = jsonify(traceback.format_exc())
              else:
                  properties = var_inspect.json
              if properties != self._cached_analysis.get(filename):
                  self._cached_analysis[filename] = properties
                  send(Analysis(filename=filename, content=content, properties=properties))
  
      class VariableInspector(astor.TreeWalk):
  
          builtin_names = dir(builtins)
  
          def init_variables(self):
              self.used = set()
              self.set = set()
              self.imports = set()
              self.in_target = False
  
          @property
          def json(self):
              used = set(self.used)
              for key in self.builtin_names:
                  used.discard(key)
              for key in self.set:
                  used.discard(key)
              for key in Environment.predefined_names:
                  used.discard(key)
              return {
                  "variables_used": list(used),
                  "variables_set": list(self.set),
                  "imports": list(self.imports)
              }
  
          def pre_arg(self):
              self.set.add(self.cur_node.arg)
  
          def pre_Name(self):
              if self.in_target:
                  self.set.add(self.cur_node.id)
              else:
                  self.used.add(self.cur_node.id)
  
          def pre_For(self):
              self.process_assignment(self.cur_node.target)
  
          def pre_Assign(self):
              self.process_assignment(self.cur_node.targets)
  
          def pre_withitem(self):
              self.process_assignment(self.cur_node.optional_vars)
  
          def pre_ExceptHandler(self):
              if self.cur_node.name:
                  self.set.add(self.cur_node.name)
  
          def pre_alias(self):
              name = self.cur_node.asname or self.cur_node.name
              name = name.split(".")[0]
              self.set.add(name)
              self.imports.add(name)
  
          def pre_FunctionDef(self):
              self.set.add(self.cur_node.name)
  
          def pre_ListComp(self):
              self.process_assignment(self.cur_node.elt)
  
          def process_assignment(self, item):
              if isinstance(item, list):
                  for x in item:
                      self.process_assignment(x)
                  return
              old_in_target = self.in_target
              self.in_target = True
              try:
                  self.walk(item)
              finally:
                  self.in_target = old_in_target
  
      class RewriteExprToPrint(astor.TreeWalk):
  
          expr_node_types = """
          UnaryOp
          BinOp
          BoolOp
          Compare
          Call
          IfExp
          Attribute
          Subscript
          ListComp SetComp GeneratorExp DictComp
          """.split()
  
          def __init__(self, subexpressions=False):
              self.subexpressions = subexpressions
              self.id_counter = 0
              astor.TreeWalk.__init__(self)
              if self.subexpressions:
                  for method in self.expr_node_types:
                      self.pre_handlers[method] = self.save_node_name
                      self.post_handlers[method] = self.fixup_subexpressions
                  del self.post_handlers['Module']
  
          def post_Name(self):
              if not self.subexpressions:
                  return
              if isinstance(self.cur_node.ctx, ast.Load):
                  self.replace(self.rewrite_expr(self.cur_node))
  
          def post_Module(self):
              node = self.cur_node
              node.body = [
                  self.rewrite_expr(n) if isinstance(n, ast.Expr) else n
                  for n in node.body]
  
          def save_node_name(self):
              self.cur_node.astor_repr = astor.to_source(self.cur_node)
  
          def fixup_subexpressions(self):
              new_node = self.rewrite_expr(self.cur_node, self.cur_node.astor_repr)
              self.replace(new_node)
  
          def rewrite_expr(self, node, expr_string=None):
              if expr_string is None:
                  expr_string = astor.to_source(node)
              node_string = ast.Str(s=expr_string)
              self.id_counter += 1
              if isinstance(node, ast.Expr):
                  new_node = ast.Expr(
                      ast.Call(
                          func=ast.Name(id='print_expr', ctx=ast.Load()),
                          args=[node_string, node.value, ast.Num(n=self.id_counter)],
                          keywords=[],
                          starargs=None,
                      )
                  )
                  new_node.is_print_expr = True
              else:
                  new_node = ast.Call(
                      func=ast.Name(id='print_expr', ctx=ast.Load()),
                      args=[node_string, node, ast.Num(n=self.id_counter)],
                      keywords=[],
                      starargs=None,
                  )
                  new_node.is_print_expr = True
              ast.fix_missing_locations(new_node)
              return new_node
  
      class Stdout:
  
          total_exprs_limit = 100
          expr_limit = 10
  
          def __init__(self):
              self.emitted = []
              self.total_exprs_printed = 0
              self.exprs_printed = collections.Counter()
  
          def write(self, content):
              self.emitted.append({
                  "type": "print",
                  "time": now(),
                  "parts": [{"type": "str", "str": content}],
              })
  
          def writejson(self, json):
              assert json.get("type"), "JSON objects must have a type"
              json.setdefault("time", now())
              self.emitted.append(json)
  
          def write_repr(self, o):
              self.emitted.append(jsonify(o))
  
          def flush(self):
              pass
  
      def add_global(name, value):
          Environment.extra_globals[name] = value
          Environment.predefined_names.add(name)
          for env in Environment.active:
              env.globals.setdefault(name, value)
  
      return Environment(path)
  