input: 
  def calculate_total_cost(items, shipping_cost, tax_rate):
      """Calculate the total cost of a shopping cart considering item prices, quantity, shipping cost, and tax.
      >>> items = [
      ...     {"name": "widget", "price": 10, "quantity": 5},
      ...     {"name": "thingy", "price": 7, "quantity": 3},
      ...     {"name": "doodad", "price": 5, "quantity": 2},
      ... ]
      >>> shipping_cost = 7.50
      >>> tax_rate = 0.095
      >>> calculate_total_cost(items, shipping_cost, tax_rate)
      113.42875
      """
  
output:     total_item_cost = sum(item['price'] * item['quantity'] for item in items)
      subtotal = total_item_cost + shipping_cost
      total_cost = subtotal * (1 + tax_rate)
      return total_cost