An osd request marked to linger will be re-submitted in the event
a connection to the target osd gets dropped. Currently, if there
is a callback function associated with a request it will be called
each time a request is submitted--which for lingering requests can
be more than once.
Change it so a request--including lingering ones--will get completed
(from the perspective of the user of the osd client) exactly once.
This resolves:
http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/3967
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Use distinct fields for tracking the number of pages in a message's
page array and in a message's page list. Currently only one or the
other is used at a time, but that will be changing soon.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The bio_seg field is used by the ceph messenger in iterating through
a bio. It should never have a negative value, so make it an
unsigned. (I contemplated making it unsigned short to match the
struct bio definition, but it offered no benefit.)
Change variables used to hold bio_seg values to all be unsigned as
well. Change two variable names in init_bio_iter() to match the
convention used everywhere else.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The legacy behavior adds the pgid seed and pool together as the input for
CRUSH. That is problematic because each pool's PGs end up mapping to the
same OSDs: 1.5 == 2.4 == 3.3 == ...
Instead, if the HASHPSPOOL flag is set, we has the ps and pool together and
feed that into CRUSH. This ensures that two adjacent pools will map to
an independent pseudorandom set of OSDs.
Advertise our support for this via a protocol feature flag.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Use the new version of the encoding for osd requests and replies. In the
process, update the way we are tracking request ops and reply lengths and
results in the struct ceph_osd_request. Update the rbd and fs/ceph users
appropriately.
The main changes are:
- we keep pointers into the request memory for fields we need to update
each time the request is sent out over the wire
- we keep information about the result in an array in the request struct
where the users can easily get at it.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Instead of using the old ceph_object_layout struct, update our internal
ceph_calc_object_layout method to use the ceph_pg type. This allows us to
pass the full 32-bit precision of the pgid.seed to the callers. It also
allows some callers to avoid reaching into the request structures for the
struct ceph_object_layout fields.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Support (and require) the PGID64, PGPOOL3, and OSDENC protocol features.
These have been present in ceph.git since v0.42, Feb 2012. Require these
features to simplify support; nobody is running older userspace.
Note that the new request and reply encoding is still not in place, so the new
code is not yet functional.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
This updates "include/linux/ceph/ceph_features.h" so all the feature
bits defined in the user space code are defined here.
The features supported by this implementation will still differ so
that's not updated here.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Always decode data into our cpu-native ceph_pg type that has the correct
field widths. Limit any remaining uses of ceph_pg_v1 to dealing with the
legacy protocol.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Rename the old version this type to distinguish it from the new version.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
The return values provided for ceph_copy_to_page_vector() and
ceph_copy_from_page_vector() serve no purpose, so get rid of them.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The functions used for working with ceph page vectors are defined
with char pointers, but they're really intended to operate on
untyped data. Change the types of these function parameters
to (void *) to reflect this.
(Note that the functions now assume void pointer arithmetic works
like arithmetic on char pointers.)
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Update most of "include/linux/ceph/ceph_fs.h" to match its user
space counterpart in "src/include/ceph_fs.h" in the ceph tree.
Everything that has changed is either:
- added definitions (therefore no real effect on existing code)
- deleting unused symbols
- added or revised comments
There were some differences between the struct definitions for
ceph_mon_subscribe_item and the open field of ceph_mds_request_args;
those differences remain.
This and the next commit resolve:
http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/4165
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Add the definition of ceph_osd_state_name(), to match its
counterpart in user space.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Update most of "include/linux/ceph/rados.h" to match its user space
counterpart in "src/include/rados.h" in the ceph tree.
Almost everything that has changed is either:
- added or revised comments
- added definitions (therefore no real effect on existing code)
- defining the same value a different way (e.g., "1 << 0" vs "1")
The only exceptions are:
- The declaration of ceph_osd_state_name() was excluded; that
will be inserted in the next patch.
- ceph_osd_op_mode_read() and ceph_osd_op_mode_modify() are
defined differently, but they were never used in the kernel
- CEPH_OSD_FLAG_PEERSTAT is now CEPH_OSD_FLAG_PEERSTAT_OLD, but
that was never used in the kernel
Anything that was present in this file but not in its user space
counterpart was left intact here. I left the definitions of
EOLDSNAPC and EBLACKLISTED using numerical values here; I'm
not sure the right way to go with those.
This and the next two commits resolve:
http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/4164
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
There are no actual users of ceph_osdc_wait_event(). This would
have been one-shot events, but we no longer support those so just
get rid of this function.
Since this leaves nothing else that waits for the completion of an
event, we can get rid of the completion in a struct ceph_osd_event.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
There is only one caller of ceph_osdc_create_event(), and it
provides 0 as its "one_shot" argument. Get rid of that argument and
just use 0 in its place.
Replace the code in handle_watch_notify() that executes if one_shot
is nonzero in the event with a BUG_ON() call.
While modifying "osd_client.c", give handle_watch_notify() static
scope.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
There is no caller of ceph_calc_raw_layout() outside of libceph, so
there's no need to export from the module.
Furthermore, there is only one caller, in calc_layout(), and it
is not much more than a simple wrapper for that function.
So get rid of ceph_calc_raw_layout() and embed it instead within
calc_layout().
While touching "osd_client.c", get rid of the unnecessary forward
declaration of __send_request().
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The "num_reply" parameter to ceph_osdc_new_request() is never
used inside that function, so get rid of it.
Note that ceph_sync_write() passes 2 for that argument, while all
other callers pass 1. It doesn't matter, but perhaps someone should
verify this doesn't indicate a problem.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
There is only one caller of ceph_osdc_writepages(), and it always
passes 0 as its "flags" argument. Get rid of that argument and
replace its use in ceph_osdc_writepages() with 0.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
There is only one caller of ceph_osdc_writepages(), and it always
passes 0 as its "dosync" argument. Get rid of that argument and
replace its use in ceph_osdc_writepages() with 0.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
There is only one caller of ceph_osdc_writepages(), and it always
passes the value true as its "nofail" argument. Get rid of that
argument and replace its use in ceph_osdc_writepages() with the
constant value true.
This and a number of cleanup patches that follow resolve:
http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/4126
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The layout of struct ceph_osd_req_op leaves lots of holes.
Rearranging things a little for better field alignment
reduces the size by a third.
This resolves:
http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/4163
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
An upcoming change implements semantic change that could lead to
a crash if an old version of the libceph kernel module is used with
a new version of the rbd kernel module.
In order to preclude that possibility, this adds a compatibilty
check interface. If this interface doesn't exist, the modules are
obviously not compatible. But if it does exist, this provides a way
of letting the caller know whether it will operate properly with
this libceph module.
Perhaps confusingly, it returns false right now. The semantic
change mentioned above will make it return true.
This resolves:
http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/3800
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The ceph messenger has a few spots that are only used when
bio messages are supported, and that's only when CONFIG_BLOCK
is defined. This surrounds a couple of spots with #ifdef's
that would cause a problem if CONFIG_BLOCK were not present
in the kernel configuration.
This resolves:
http://tracker.ceph.com/issues/3976
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The flags field of struct ceph_osd_req_op is never used, so just get
rid of it.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Both ceph_osdc_alloc_request() and ceph_osdc_build_request() are
provided an array of ceph osd request operations. Rather than just
passing the number of operations in the array, the caller is
required append an additional zeroed operation structure to signal
the end of the array.
All callers know the number of operations at the time these
functions are called, so drop the silly zero entry and supply that
number directly. As a result, get_num_ops() is no longer needed.
This also means that ceph_osdc_alloc_request() never uses its ops
argument, so that can be dropped.
Also rbd_create_rw_ops() no longer needs to add one to reserve room
for the additional op.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Only one of the two callers of ceph_osdc_alloc_request() provides
page or bio data for its payload. And essentially all that function
was doing with those arguments was assigning them to fields in the
osd request structure.
Simplify ceph_osdc_alloc_request() by having the caller take care of
making those assignments
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The only thing ceph_osdc_alloc_request() really does with the
flags value it is passed is assign it to the newly-created
osd request structure. Do that in the caller instead.
Both callers subsequently call ceph_osdc_build_request(), so have
that function (instead of ceph_osdc_alloc_request()) issue a warning
if a request comes through with neither the read nor write flags set.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The osdc parameter to ceph_calc_raw_layout() is not used, so get rid
of it. Consequently, the corresponding parameter in calc_layout()
becomes unused, so get rid of that as well.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
A snapshot id must be provided to ceph_calc_raw_layout() even though
it is not needed at all for calculating the layout.
Where the snapshot id *is* needed is when building the request
message for an osd operation.
Drop the snapid parameter from ceph_calc_raw_layout() and pass
that value instead in ceph_osdc_build_request().
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
ceph_calc_file_object_mapping() takes (among other things) a "file"
offset and length, and based on the layout, determines the object
number ("bno") backing the affected portion of the file's data and
the offset into that object where the desired range begins. It also
computes the size that should be used for the request--either the
amount requested or something less if that would exceed the end of
the object.
This patch changes the input length parameter in this function so it
is used only for input. That is, the argument will be passed by
value rather than by address, so the value provided won't get
updated by the function.
The value would only get updated if the length would surpass the
current object, and in that case the value it got updated to would
be exactly that returned in *oxlen.
Only one of the two callers is affected by this change. Update
ceph_calc_raw_layout() so it records any updated value.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The len argument to ceph_osdc_build_request() is set up to be
passed by address, but that function never updates its value
so there's no need to do this. Tighten up the interface by
passing the length directly.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
An osd request structure contains an optional trail portion, which
if present will contain data to be passed in the payload portion of
the message containing the request. The trail field is a
ceph_pagelist pointer, and if null it indicates there is no trail.
A ceph_pagelist structure contains a length field, and it can
legitimately hold value 0. Make use of this to change the
interpretation of the "trail" of an osd request so that every osd
request has trailing data, it just might have length 0.
This means we change the r_trail field in a ceph_osd_request
structure from a pointer to a structure that is always initialized.
Note that in ceph_osdc_start_request(), the trail pointer (or now
address of that structure) is assigned to a ceph message's trail
field. Here's why that's still OK (looking at net/ceph/messenger.c):
- What would have resulted in a null pointer previously will now
refer to a 0-length page list. That message trail pointer
is used in two functions, write_partial_msg_pages() and
out_msg_pos_next().
- In write_partial_msg_pages(), a null page list pointer is
handled the same as a message with 0-length trail, and both
result in a "in_trail" variable set to false. The trail
pointer is only used if in_trail is true.
- The only other place the message trail pointer is used is
out_msg_pos_next(). That function is only called by
write_partial_msg_pages() and only touches the trail pointer
if the in_trail value it is passed is true.
Therefore a null ceph_msg->trail pointer is equivalent to a non-null
pointer referring to a 0-length page list structure.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The last two parameters to ceph_osd_build_request() describe the
object id, but the values passed always come from the osd request
structure whose address is also provided. Get rid of those last
two parameters.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
It's kind of a silly macro, but ceph_encode_8_safe() is the only one
missing from an otherwise pretty complete set. It's not used, but
neither are a couple of the others in this set.
While in there, insert some whitespace to tidy up the alignment of
the line-terminating backslashes in some of the macro definitions.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Dan Mick <dan.mick@inktank.com>
Add libceph support for a new CRUSH tunable recently added to Ceph servers.
Consider the CRUSH rule
step chooseleaf firstn 0 type <node_type>
This rule means that <n> replicas will be chosen in a manner such that
each chosen leaf's branch will contain a unique instance of <node_type>.
When an object is re-replicated after a leaf failure, if the CRUSH map uses
a chooseleaf rule the remapped replica ends up under the <node_type> bucket
that held the failed leaf. This causes uneven data distribution across the
storage cluster, to the point that when all the leaves but one fail under a
particular <node_type> bucket, that remaining leaf holds all the data from
its failed peers.
This behavior also limits the number of peers that can participate in the
re-replication of the data held by the failed leaf, which increases the
time required to re-replicate after a failure.
For a chooseleaf CRUSH rule, the tree descent has two steps: call them the
inner and outer descents.
If the tree descent down to <node_type> is the outer descent, and the descent
from <node_type> down to a leaf is the inner descent, the issue is that a
down leaf is detected on the inner descent, so only the inner descent is
retried.
In order to disperse re-replicated data as widely as possible across a
storage cluster after a failure, we want to retry the outer descent. So,
fix up crush_choose() to allow the inner descent to return immediately on
choosing a failed leaf. Wire this up as a new CRUSH tunable.
Note that after this change, for a chooseleaf rule, if the primary OSD
in a placement group has failed, choosing a replacement may result in
one of the other OSDs in the PG colliding with the new primary. This
requires that OSD's data for that PG to need moving as well. This
seems unavoidable but should be relatively rare.
This corresponds to ceph.git commit 88f218181a9e6d2292e2697fc93797d0f6d6e5dc.
Signed-off-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
The mds now sends back a created inode if the create request
performed the create. If the file already existed, no inode is
returned in the reply. This allows ceph to set the created flag
in atomic_open so that permissions are properly checked in the case
that the file wasn't created by the create call to the mds.
To ensure compability with previous kernels, a feature for sending
back the inode in the create reply was added, so that the mds will
only send back the inode if the client indicates it supports the
feature.
Signed-off-by: Sam Lang <sam.lang@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Pull Ceph update from Sage Weil:
"There are a few different groups of commits here. The largest is
Alex's ongoing work to enable the coming RBD features (cloning,
striping). There is some cleanup in libceph that goes along with it.
Cyril and David have fixed some problems with NFS reexport (leaking
dentries and page locks), and there is a batch of patches from Yan
fixing problems with the fs client when running against a clustered
MDS. There are a few bug fixes mixed in for good measure, many of
which will be going to the stable trees once they're upstream.
My apologies for the late pull. There is still a gremlin in the rbd
map/unmap code and I was hoping to include the fix for that as well,
but we haven't been able to confirm the fix is correct yet; I'll send
that in a separate pull once it's nailed down."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sage/ceph-client: (68 commits)
rbd: get rid of rbd_{get,put}_dev()
libceph: register request before unregister linger
libceph: don't use rb_init_node() in ceph_osdc_alloc_request()
libceph: init event->node in ceph_osdc_create_event()
libceph: init osd->o_node in create_osd()
libceph: report connection fault with warning
libceph: socket can close in any connection state
rbd: don't use ENOTSUPP
rbd: remove linger unconditionally
rbd: get rid of RBD_MAX_SEG_NAME_LEN
libceph: avoid using freed osd in __kick_osd_requests()
ceph: don't reference req after put
rbd: do not allow remove of mounted-on image
libceph: Unlock unprocessed pages in start_read() error path
ceph: call handle_cap_grant() for cap import message
ceph: Fix __ceph_do_pending_vmtruncate
ceph: Don't add dirty inode to dirty list if caps is in migration
ceph: Fix infinite loop in __wake_requests
ceph: Don't update i_max_size when handling non-auth cap
bdi_register: add __printf verification, fix arg mismatch
...
This would reset a connection with any OSD that had an outstanding
request that was taking more than N seconds. The idea was that if the
OSD was buggy, the client could compensate by resending the request.
In reality, this only served to hide server bugs, and we haven't
actually seen such a bug in quite a while. Moreover, the userspace
client code never did this.
More importantly, often the request is taking a long time because the
OSD is trying to recover, or overloaded, and killing the connection
and retrying would only make the situation worse by giving the OSD
more work to do.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Define and export function ceph_pg_pool_name_by_id() to supply
the name of a pg pool whose id is given. This will be used by
the next patch.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Add support for getting the the information identifying the parent
image for rbd images that have them. The child image holds a
reference to its parent image specification structure. Create a new
entry "parent" in /sys/bus/rbd/image/N/ to report the identifying
information for the parent image, if any.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Pull ceph updates from Sage Weil:
"The bulk of this pull is a series from Alex that refactors and cleans
up the RBD code to lay the groundwork for supporting the new image
format and evolving feature set. There are also some cleanups in
libceph, and for ceph there's fixed validation of file striping
layouts and a bugfix in the code handling a shrinking MDS cluster."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sage/ceph-client: (71 commits)
ceph: avoid 32-bit page index overflow
ceph: return EIO on invalid layout on GET_DATALOC ioctl
rbd: BUG on invalid layout
ceph: propagate layout error on osd request creation
libceph: check for invalid mapping
ceph: convert to use le32_add_cpu()
ceph: Fix oops when handling mdsmap that decreases max_mds
rbd: update remaining header fields for v2
rbd: get snapshot name for a v2 image
rbd: get the snapshot context for a v2 image
rbd: get image features for a v2 image
rbd: get the object prefix for a v2 rbd image
rbd: add code to get the size of a v2 rbd image
rbd: lay out header probe infrastructure
rbd: encapsulate code that gets snapshot info
rbd: add an rbd features field
rbd: don't use index in __rbd_add_snap_dev()
rbd: kill create_snap sysfs entry
rbd: define rbd_dev_image_id()
rbd: define some new format constants
...
Convert #include "..." to #include <path/...> in kernel system headers.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
If we encounter an invalid (e.g., zeroed) mapping, return an error
and avoid a divide by zero.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Rename flags with CON_FLAG prefix, move the definitions into the c file,
and (better) document their meaning.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Use a simple set of 6 enumerated values for the socket states (CON_STATE_*)
and use those instead of the state bits. All of the con->state checks are
now under the protection of the con mutex, so this is safe. It also
simplifies many of the state checks because we can check for anything other
than the expected state instead of various bits for races we can think of.
This appears to hold up well to stress testing both with and without socket
failure injection on the server side.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
There are two structures in which a count of snapshots are
maintained:
struct ceph_snap_context {
...
u32 num_snaps;
...
}
and
struct ceph_snap_realm {
...
u32 num_prior_parent_snaps; /* had prior to parent_since */
...
u32 num_snaps;
...
}
These fields never take on negative values (e.g., to hold special
meaning), and so are really inherently unsigned. Furthermore they
take their value from over-the-wire or on-disk formatted 32-bit
values.
So change their definition to have type u32, and change some spots
elsewhere in the code to account for this change.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
The server side recently added support for tuning some magic
crush variables. Decode these variables if they are present, or use the
default values if they are not present.
Corresponds to ceph.git commit 89af369c25f274fe62ef730e5e8aad0c54f1e5a5.
Signed-off-by: caleb miles <caleb.miles@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@inktank.com>
This is simply cleanup that will keep things more closely synced with the
userland code.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@inktank.com>
This adds a new utility routine which will return a dynamically-
allocated buffer containing a string that has been decoded from ceph
over-the-wire format. It also returns the length of the string
if the address of a size variable is supplied to receive it.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
There is a BUG_ON() call that doesn't account for the single byte
structure version at the start of an encoded filepath in
ceph_encode_filepath(). Fix that.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Josh Durgin <josh.durgin@inktank.com>
Add an atomic variable 'stopping' as flag in struct ceph_messenger,
set this flag to 1 in function ceph_destroy_client(), and add the condition code
in function ceph_data_ready() to test the flag value, if true(1), just return.
Signed-off-by: Guanjun He <gjhe@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
In ancient times, the messenger could both initiate and accept connections.
An artifact if that was data structures to store/process an incoming
ceph_msg_connect request and send an outgoing ceph_msg_connect_reply.
Sadly, the negotiation code was referencing those structures and ignoring
important information (like the peer's connect_seq) from the correct ones.
Among other things, this fixes tight reconnect loops where the server sends
RETRY_SESSION and we (the client) retries with the same connect_seq as last
time. This bug pretty easily triggered by injecting socket failures on the
MDS and running some fs workload like workunits/direct_io/test_sync_io.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Initialize the type field for messages in a msgpool. The caller was doing
this for osd ops, but not for the reply messages.
Reported-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
For some reason the declaration of ceph_con_get() and
ceph_con_put() did not get deleted in this commit:
d59315ca libceph: drop ceph_con_get/put helpers and nref member
Clean that up.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
There is no state explicitly defined when a ceph connection is fully
operational. So define one.
It's set when the connection sequence completes successfully, and is
cleared when the connection gets closed.
Be a little more careful when examining the old state when a socket
disconnect event is reported.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
These are no longer used. Every ceph_connection instance is embedded in
another structure, and refcounts manipulated via the get/put ops.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
ceph_con_revoke_message() is passed both a message and a ceph
connection. A ceph_msg allocated for incoming messages on a
connection always has a pointer to that connection, so there's no
need to provide the connection when revoking such a message.
Note that the existing logic does not preclude the message supplied
being a null/bogus message pointer. The only user of this interface
is the OSD client, and the only value an osd client passes is a
request's r_reply field. That is always non-null (except briefly in
an error path in ceph_osdc_alloc_request(), and that drops the
only reference so the request won't ever have a reply to revoke).
So we can safely assume the passed-in message is non-null, but add a
BUG_ON() to make it very obvious we are imposing this restriction.
Rename the function ceph_msg_revoke_incoming() to reflect that it is
really an operation on an incoming message.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
ceph_con_revoke() is passed both a message and a ceph connection.
Now that any message associated with a connection holds a pointer
to that connection, there's no need to provide the connection when
revoking a message.
This has the added benefit of precluding the possibility of the
providing the wrong connection pointer. If the message's connection
pointer is null, it is not being tracked by any connection, so
revoking it is a no-op. This is supported as a convenience for
upper layers, so they can revoke a message that is not actually
"in flight."
Rename the function ceph_msg_revoke() to reflect that it is really
an operation on a message, not a connection.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
When a ceph message is queued for sending it is placed on a list of
pending messages (ceph_connection->out_queue). When they are
actually sent over the wire, they are moved from that list to
another (ceph_connection->out_sent). When acknowledgement for the
message is received, it is removed from the sent messages list.
During that entire time the message is "in the possession" of a
single ceph connection. Keep track of that connection in the
message. This will be used in the next patch (and is a helpful
bit of information for debugging anyway).
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Move the initialization of a ceph connection's private pointer,
operations vector pointer, and peer name information into
ceph_con_init(). Rearrange the arguments so the connection pointer
is first. Hide the byte-swapping of the peer entity number inside
ceph_con_init()
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
A monitor client has a pointer to a ceph connection structure in it.
This is the only one of the three ceph client types that do it this
way; the OSD and MDS clients embed the connection into their main
structures. There is always exactly one ceph connection for a
monitor client, so there is no need to allocate it separate from the
monitor client structure.
So switch the ceph_mon_client structure to embed its
ceph_connection structure.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Start explicitly keeping track of the state of a ceph connection's
socket, separate from the state of the connection itself. Create
placeholder functions to encapsulate the state transitions.
--------
| NEW* | transient initial state
--------
| con_sock_state_init()
v
----------
| CLOSED | initialized, but no socket (and no
---------- TCP connection)
^ \
| \ con_sock_state_connecting()
| ----------------------
| \
+ con_sock_state_closed() \
|\ \
| \ \
| ----------- \
| | CLOSING | socket event; \
| ----------- await close \
| ^ |
| | |
| + con_sock_state_closing() |
| / \ |
| / --------------- |
| / \ v
| / --------------
| / -----------------| CONNECTING | socket created, TCP
| | / -------------- connect initiated
| | | con_sock_state_connected()
| | v
-------------
| CONNECTED | TCP connection established
-------------
Make the socket state an atomic variable, reinforcing that it's a
distinct transtion with no possible "intermediate/both" states.
This is almost certainly overkill at this point, though the
transitions into CONNECTED and CLOSING state do get called via
socket callback (the rest of the transitions occur with the
connection mutex held). We can back out the atomicity later.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil<sage@inktank.com>
A ceph_connection holds a mixture of connection state (as in "state
machine" state) and connection flags in a single "state" field. To
make the distinction more clear, define a new "flags" field and use
it rather than the "state" field to hold Boolean flag values.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil<sage@inktank.com>
A ceph client has a pointer to a ceph messenger structure in it.
There is always exactly one ceph messenger for a ceph client, so
there is no need to allocate it separate from the ceph client
structure.
Switch the ceph_client structure to embed its ceph_messenger
structure.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
No code sets a bad_proto method in its ceph connection operations
vector, so just get rid of it.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@inktank.com>
The ceph connection state "DEAD" is never set and is therefore not
needed. Eliminate it.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@inktank.com>
Pull ceph updates from Sage Weil:
"There are some updates and cleanups to the CRUSH placement code, a bug
fix with incremental maps, several cleanups and fixes from Josh Durgin
in the RBD block device code, a series of cleanups and bug fixes from
Alex Elder in the messenger code, and some miscellaneous bounds
checking and gfp cleanups/fixes."
Fix up trivial conflicts in net/ceph/{messenger.c,osdmap.c} due to the
networking people preferring "unsigned int" over just "unsigned".
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sage/ceph-client: (45 commits)
libceph: fix pg_temp updates
libceph: avoid unregistering osd request when not registered
ceph: add auth buf in prepare_write_connect()
ceph: rename prepare_connect_authorizer()
ceph: return pointer from prepare_connect_authorizer()
ceph: use info returned by get_authorizer
ceph: have get_authorizer methods return pointers
ceph: ensure auth ops are defined before use
ceph: messenger: reduce args to create_authorizer
ceph: define ceph_auth_handshake type
ceph: messenger: check return from get_authorizer
ceph: messenger: rework prepare_connect_authorizer()
ceph: messenger: check prepare_write_connect() result
ceph: don't set WRITE_PENDING too early
ceph: drop msgr argument from prepare_write_connect()
ceph: messenger: send banner in process_connect()
ceph: messenger: reset connection kvec caller
libceph: don't reset kvec in prepare_write_banner()
ceph: ignore preferred_osd field
ceph: fully initialize new layout
...
Rather than passing a bunch of arguments to be filled in with the
content of the ceph_auth_handshake buffer now returned by the
get_authorizer method, just use the returned information in the
caller, and drop the unnecessary arguments.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Have the get_authorizer auth_client method return a ceph_auth
pointer rather than an integer, pointer-encoding any returned
error value. This is to pave the way for making use of the
returned value in an upcoming patch.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Make use of the new ceph_auth_handshake structure in order to reduce
the number of arguments passed to the create_authorizor method in
ceph_auth_client_ops. Use a local variable of that type as a
shorthand in the get_authorizer method definitions.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
The definitions for the ceph_mds_session and ceph_osd both contain
five fields related only to "authorizers." Encapsulate those fields
into their own struct type, allowing for better isolation in some
upcoming patches.
Fix the #includes in "linux/ceph/osd_client.h" to lay out their more
complete canonical path.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Reviewed-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Given a large n, the bounds check (*p + n > end) can be bypassed due to
pointer wraparound. A safer check is (n > end - *p).
[elder@dreamhost.com: inverted test and renamed ceph_has_room()]
Signed-off-by: Xi Wang <xi.wang@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@dreamhost.com>
This was an ill-conceived feature that has been removed from Ceph. Do
this gracefully:
- reject attempts to specify a preferred_osd via the ioctl
- stop exposing this information via virtual xattrs
- always fill in -1 for requests, in case we talk to an older server
- don't calculate preferred_osd placements/pgids
Reviewed-by: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Pull Ceph updates for 3.4-rc1 from Sage Weil:
"Alex has been busy. There are a range of rbd and libceph cleanups,
especially surrounding device setup and teardown, and a few critical
fixes in that code. There are more cleanups in the messenger code,
virtual xattrs, a fix for CRC calculation/checks, and lots of other
miscellaneous stuff.
There's a patch from Amon Ott to make inos behave a bit better on
32-bit boxes, some decode check fixes from Xi Wang, and network
throttling fix from Jim Schutt, and a couple RBD fixes from Josh
Durgin.
No new functionality, just a lot of cleanup and bug fixing."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sage/ceph-client: (65 commits)
rbd: move snap_rwsem to the device, rename to header_rwsem
ceph: fix three bugs, two in ceph_vxattrcb_file_layout()
libceph: isolate kmap() call in write_partial_msg_pages()
libceph: rename "page_shift" variable to something sensible
libceph: get rid of zero_page_address
libceph: only call kernel_sendpage() via helper
libceph: use kernel_sendpage() for sending zeroes
libceph: fix inverted crc option logic
libceph: some simple changes
libceph: small refactor in write_partial_kvec()
libceph: do crc calculations outside loop
libceph: separate CRC calculation from byte swapping
libceph: use "do" in CRC-related Boolean variables
ceph: ensure Boolean options support both senses
libceph: a few small changes
libceph: make ceph_tcp_connect() return int
libceph: encapsulate some messenger cleanup code
libceph: make ceph_msgr_wq private
libceph: encapsulate connection kvec operations
libceph: move prepare_write_banner()
...
Change the name (and type) of a few CRC-related Boolean local
variables so they contain the word "do", to distingish their purpose
from variables used for holding an actual CRC value.
Note that in the process of doing this I identified a fairly serious
logic error in write_partial_msg_pages(): the value of "do_crc"
assigned appears to be the opposite of what it should be. No
attempt to fix this is made here; this change preserves the
erroneous behavior. The problem I found is documented here:
http://tracker.newdream.net/issues/2064
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@dreamhost.com>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
The messenger workqueue has no need to be public. So give it static
scope.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@dreamhost.com>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
ceph_parse_options() takes the address of a pointer as an argument
and uses it to return the address of an allocated structure if
successful. With this interface is not evident at call sites that
the pointer is always initialized. Change the interface to return
the address instead (or a pointer-coded error code) to make the
validity of the returned pointer obvious.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@dreamhost.com>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Each messenger allocates a page to be used when writing zeroes
out in the event of error or other abnormal condition. Instead,
use the kernel ZERO_PAGE() for that purpose.
Signed-off-by: Alex Elder <elder@dreamhost.com>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
If a header file is making use of BUG, BUG_ON, BUILD_BUG_ON, or any
other BUG variant in a static inline (i.e. not in a #define) then
that header really should be including <linux/bug.h> and not just
expecting it to be implicitly present.
We can make this change risk-free, since if the files using these
headers didn't have exposure to linux/bug.h already, they would have
been causing compile failures/warnings.
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
ceph_osd_request struct allocates a 40-byte buffer for object names.
RBD image names can be up to 96 chars long (100 with the .rbd suffix),
which results in the object name for the image being truncated, and a
subsequent map failure.
Increase the oid buffer in request messages, in order to avoid the
truncation.
Signed-off-by: Stratos Psomadakis <psomas@grnet.gr>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
* 'for-linus' of git://ceph.newdream.net/git/ceph-client:
libceph: fix double-free of page vector
ceph: fix 32-bit ino numbers
libceph: force resend of osd requests if we skip an osdmap
ceph: use kernel DNS resolver
ceph: fix ceph_monc_init memory leak
ceph: let the set_layout ioctl set single traits
Revert "ceph: don't truncate dirty pages in invalidate work thread"
ceph: replace leading spaces with tabs
libceph: warn on msg allocation failures
libceph: don't complain on msgpool alloc failures
libceph: always preallocate mon connection
libceph: create messenger with client
ceph: document ioctls
ceph: implement (optional) max read size
ceph: rename rsize -> rasize
ceph: make readpages fully async
The pool allocation failures are masked by the pool; there is no need to
spam the console about them. (That's the whole point of having the pool
in the first place.)
Mark msg allocations whose failure is safely handled as such.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
This simplifies the init/shutdown paths, and makes client->msgr available
during the rest of the setup process.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
It was pointed out by 'make versioncheck' that some includes of
linux/version.h are not needed in include/.
This patch removes them.
When I last posted the patch, the ceph bit was ACK'ed by Sage Weil, so
I've added that below.
The pwc-ioctl change generated quite a bit of discussion about V4L version
numbers in general, but as far as I can tell, no concensus was reached on
what the long term solution should be, so in the mean time I think we
could start by just removing the unneeded include, which is why I'm
resending the patch with that hunk still included.
Signed-off-by: Jesper Juhl <jj@chaosbits.net>
Acked-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sage/ceph-client: (23 commits)
ceph: document unlocked d_parent accesses
ceph: explicitly reference rename old_dentry parent dir in request
ceph: document locking for ceph_set_dentry_offset
ceph: avoid d_parent in ceph_dentry_hash; fix ceph_encode_fh() hashing bug
ceph: protect d_parent access in ceph_d_revalidate
ceph: protect access to d_parent
ceph: handle racing calls to ceph_init_dentry
ceph: set dir complete frag after adding capability
rbd: set blk_queue request sizes to object size
ceph: set up readahead size when rsize is not passed
rbd: cancel watch request when releasing the device
ceph: ignore lease mask
ceph: fix ceph_lookup_open intent usage
ceph: only link open operations to directory unsafe list if O_CREAT|O_TRUNC
ceph: fix bad parent_inode calc in ceph_lookup_open
ceph: avoid carrying Fw cap during write into page cache
libceph: don't time out osd requests that haven't been received
ceph: report f_bfree based on kb_avail rather than diffing.
ceph: only queue capsnap if caps are dirty
ceph: fix snap writeback when racing with writes
...
Keep track of when an outgoing message is ACKed (i.e., the server fully
received it and, presumably, queued it for processing). Time out OSD
requests only if it's been too long since they've been received.
This prevents timeouts and connection thrashing when the OSDs are simply
busy and are throttling the requests they read off the network.
Reviewed-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@hq.newdream.net>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
All these are instances of
#define NAME value;
or
#define NAME(params_opt) value;
These of course fail to build when used in contexts like
if(foo $OP NAME)
while(bar $OP NAME)
and may silently generate the wrong code in contexts such as
foo = NAME + 1; /* foo = value; + 1; */
bar = NAME - 1; /* bar = value; - 1; */
baz = NAME & quux; /* baz = value; & quux; */
Reported on comp.lang.c,
Message-ID: <ab0d55fe-25e5-482b-811e-c475aa6065c3@c29g2000yqd.googlegroups.com>
Initial analysis of the dangers provided by Keith Thompson in that thread.
There are many more instances of more complicated macros having unnecessary
trailing semicolons, but this pile seems to be all of the cases of simple
values suffering from the problem. (Thus things that are likely to be found
in one of the contexts above, more complicated ones aren't.)
Signed-off-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
This makes the base64 logic be contained in mount option parsing,
and prepares us for replacing the homebew key management with the
kernel key retention service.
Signed-off-by: Tommi Virtanen <tommi.virtanen@dreamhost.com>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Lingering requests are requests that are sent to the OSD normally but
tracked also after we get a successful request. This keeps the OSD
connection open and resends the original request if the object moves to
another OSD. The OSD can then send notification messages back to us
if another client initiates a notify.
This framework will be used by RBD so that the client gets notification
when a snapshot is created by another node or tool.
Signed-off-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@hq.newdream.net>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
This updates the common header files used by the different ceph
related modules. Specifically it adds definitions required by
the rbd watch/notify feature.
Signed-off-by: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@hq.newdream.net>
If we send a request to osd A, and the request's pg remaps to osd B and
then back to A in quick succession, we need to resend the request to A. The
old code was only calling kick_requests after processing all incremental
maps in a message, so it was very possible to not resend a request that
needed to be resent. This would make the osd eventually time out (at least
with the current default of osd timeouts enabled).
The correct approach is to scan requests on every map incremental. This
patch refactors the kick code in a few ways:
- all requests are either on req_lru (in flight), req_unsent (ready to
send), or req_notarget (currently map to no up osd)
- mapping always done by map_request (previous map_osds)
- if the mapping changes, we requeue. requests are resent only after all
map incrementals are processed.
- some osd reset code is moved out of kick_requests into a separate
function
- the "kick this osd" functionality is moved to kick_osd_requests, as it
is unrelated to scanning for request->pg->osd mapping changes
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
With commit f363e45f we replaced a bunch of hacky workqueue mutual
exclusion logic with the WQ_NON_REENTRANT flag. One pieces of fallout is
that the exponential backoff breaks in certain cases:
* con_work attempts to connect.
* we get an immediate failure, and the socket state change handler queues
immediate work.
* con_work calls con_fault, we decide to back off, but can't queue delayed
work.
In this case, we add a BACKOFF bit to make con_work reschedule delayed work
next time it runs (which should be immediately).
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
ceph messenger code does a rather complex dancing around multithread
workqueue to make sure the same work item isn't executed concurrently
on different CPUs. This restriction can be provided by workqueue with
WQ_NON_REENTRANT.
Make ceph_msgr_wq non-reentrant workqueue with the default concurrency
level and remove the QUEUED/BUSY logic.
* This removes backoff handling in con_work() but it couldn't reliably
block execution of con_work() to begin with - queue_con() can be
called after the work started but before BUSY is set. It seems that
it was an optimization for a rather cold path and can be safely
removed.
* The number of concurrent work items is bound by the number of
connections and connetions are independent from each other. With
the default concurrency level, different connections will be
executed independently.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Cc: ceph-devel@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Add a ceph_dir_layout to the inode, and calculate dentry hash values based
on the parent directory's specified dir_hash function. This is needed
because the old default Linux dcache hash function is extremely week and
leads to a poor distribution of files among dir fragments.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
For read operation, we have to set the argument _write_ of get_user_pages
to 1 since we will write data to pages. Also, we need to SetPageDirty before
releasing these pages.
Signed-off-by: Henry C Chang <henry_c_chang@tcloudcomputing.com>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
The alignment used for reading data into or out of pages used to be taken
from the data_off field in the message header. This only worked as long
as the page alignment matched the object offset, breaking direct io to
non-page aligned offsets.
Instead, explicitly specify the page alignment next to the page vector
in the ceph_msg struct, and use that instead of the message header (which
probably shouldn't be trusted). The alloc_msg callback is responsible for
filling in this field properly when it sets up the page vector.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
We used to infer alignment of IOs within a page based on the file offset,
which assumed they matched. This broke with direct IO that was not aligned
to pages (e.g., 512-byte aligned IO). We were also trusting the alignment
specified in the OSD reply, which could have been adjusted by the server.
Explicitly specify the page alignment when setting up OSD IO requests.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
These facilitate preallocation of pages so that we can encode into the pagelist
in an atomic context.
Signed-off-by: Greg Farnum <gregf@hq.newdream.net>
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
This factors out protocol and low-level storage parts of ceph into a
separate libceph module living in net/ceph and include/linux/ceph. This
is mostly a matter of moving files around. However, a few key pieces
of the interface change as well:
- ceph_client becomes ceph_fs_client and ceph_client, where the latter
captures the mon and osd clients, and the fs_client gets the mds client
and file system specific pieces.
- Mount option parsing and debugfs setup is correspondingly broken into
two pieces.
- The mon client gets a generic handler callback for otherwise unknown
messages (mds map, in this case).
- The basic supported/required feature bits can be expanded (and are by
ceph_fs_client).
No functional change, aside from some subtle error handling cases that got
cleaned up in the refactoring process.
Signed-off-by: Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>
Alex Elder