100 lines
4.6 KiB
Plaintext
100 lines
4.6 KiB
Plaintext
Using flexible arrays in the kernel
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Last updated for 2.6.31
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Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
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Large contiguous memory allocations can be unreliable in the Linux kernel.
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Kernel programmers will sometimes respond to this problem by allocating
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pages with vmalloc(). This solution not ideal, though. On 32-bit systems,
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memory from vmalloc() must be mapped into a relatively small address space;
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it's easy to run out. On SMP systems, the page table changes required by
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vmalloc() allocations can require expensive cross-processor interrupts on
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all CPUs. And, on all systems, use of space in the vmalloc() range
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increases pressure on the translation lookaside buffer (TLB), reducing the
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performance of the system.
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In many cases, the need for memory from vmalloc() can be eliminated by
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piecing together an array from smaller parts; the flexible array library
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exists to make this task easier.
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A flexible array holds an arbitrary (within limits) number of fixed-sized
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objects, accessed via an integer index. Sparse arrays are handled
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reasonably well. Only single-page allocations are made, so memory
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allocation failures should be relatively rare. The down sides are that the
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arrays cannot be indexed directly, individual object size cannot exceed the
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system page size, and putting data into a flexible array requires a copy
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operation. It's also worth noting that flexible arrays do no internal
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locking at all; if concurrent access to an array is possible, then the
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caller must arrange for appropriate mutual exclusion.
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The creation of a flexible array is done with:
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#include <linux/flex_array.h>
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struct flex_array *flex_array_alloc(int element_size,
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unsigned int total,
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gfp_t flags);
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The individual object size is provided by element_size, while total is the
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maximum number of objects which can be stored in the array. The flags
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argument is passed directly to the internal memory allocation calls. With
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the current code, using flags to ask for high memory is likely to lead to
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notably unpleasant side effects.
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Storing data into a flexible array is accomplished with a call to:
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int flex_array_put(struct flex_array *array, unsigned int element_nr,
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void *src, gfp_t flags);
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This call will copy the data from src into the array, in the position
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indicated by element_nr (which must be less than the maximum specified when
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the array was created). If any memory allocations must be performed, flags
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will be used. The return value is zero on success, a negative error code
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otherwise.
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There might possibly be a need to store data into a flexible array while
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running in some sort of atomic context; in this situation, sleeping in the
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memory allocator would be a bad thing. That can be avoided by using
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GFP_ATOMIC for the flags value, but, often, there is a better way. The
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trick is to ensure that any needed memory allocations are done before
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entering atomic context, using:
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int flex_array_prealloc(struct flex_array *array, unsigned int start,
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unsigned int end, gfp_t flags);
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This function will ensure that memory for the elements indexed in the range
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defined by start and end has been allocated. Thereafter, a
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flex_array_put() call on an element in that range is guaranteed not to
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block.
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Getting data back out of the array is done with:
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void *flex_array_get(struct flex_array *fa, unsigned int element_nr);
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The return value is a pointer to the data element, or NULL if that
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particular element has never been allocated.
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Note that it is possible to get back a valid pointer for an element which
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has never been stored in the array. Memory for array elements is allocated
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one page at a time; a single allocation could provide memory for several
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adjacent elements. The flexible array code does not know if a specific
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element has been written; it only knows if the associated memory is
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present. So a flex_array_get() call on an element which was never stored
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in the array has the potential to return a pointer to random data. If the
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caller does not have a separate way to know which elements were actually
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stored, it might be wise, at least, to add GFP_ZERO to the flags argument
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to ensure that all elements are zeroed.
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There is no way to remove a single element from the array. It is possible,
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though, to remove all elements with a call to:
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void flex_array_free_parts(struct flex_array *array);
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This call frees all elements, but leaves the array itself in place.
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Freeing the entire array is done with:
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void flex_array_free(struct flex_array *array);
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As of this writing, there are no users of flexible arrays in the mainline
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kernel. The functions described here are also not exported to modules;
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that will probably be fixed when somebody comes up with a need for it.
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