638 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
638 lines
21 KiB
Plaintext
Read the F-ing Papers!
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This document describes RCU-related publications, and is followed by
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the corresponding bibtex entries. A number of the publications may
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be found at http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/.
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The first thing resembling RCU was published in 1980, when Kung and Lehman
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[Kung80] recommended use of a garbage collector to defer destruction
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of nodes in a parallel binary search tree in order to simplify its
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implementation. This works well in environments that have garbage
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collectors, but most production garbage collectors incur significant
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overhead.
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In 1982, Manber and Ladner [Manber82,Manber84] recommended deferring
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destruction until all threads running at that time have terminated, again
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for a parallel binary search tree. This approach works well in systems
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with short-lived threads, such as the K42 research operating system.
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However, Linux has long-lived tasks, so more is needed.
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In 1986, Hennessy, Osisek, and Seigh [Hennessy89] introduced passive
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serialization, which is an RCU-like mechanism that relies on the presence
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of "quiescent states" in the VM/XA hypervisor that are guaranteed not
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to be referencing the data structure. However, this mechanism was not
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optimized for modern computer systems, which is not surprising given
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that these overheads were not so expensive in the mid-80s. Nonetheless,
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passive serialization appears to be the first deferred-destruction
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mechanism to be used in production. Furthermore, the relevant patent has
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lapsed, so this approach may be used in non-GPL software, if desired.
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(In contrast, use of RCU is permitted only in software licensed under
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GPL. Sorry!!!)
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In 1990, Pugh [Pugh90] noted that explicitly tracking which threads
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were reading a given data structure permitted deferred free to operate
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in the presence of non-terminating threads. However, this explicit
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tracking imposes significant read-side overhead, which is undesirable
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in read-mostly situations. This algorithm does take pains to avoid
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write-side contention and parallelize the other write-side overheads by
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providing a fine-grained locking design, however, it would be interesting
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to see how much of the performance advantage reported in 1990 remains
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in 2004.
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At about this same time, Adams [Adams91] described ``chaotic relaxation'',
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where the normal barriers between successive iterations of convergent
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numerical algorithms are relaxed, so that iteration $n$ might use
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data from iteration $n-1$ or even $n-2$. This introduces error,
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which typically slows convergence and thus increases the number of
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iterations required. However, this increase is sometimes more than made
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up for by a reduction in the number of expensive barrier operations,
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which are otherwise required to synchronize the threads at the end
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of each iteration. Unfortunately, chaotic relaxation requires highly
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structured data, such as the matrices used in scientific programs, and
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is thus inapplicable to most data structures in operating-system kernels.
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In 1993, Jacobson [Jacobson93] verbally described what is perhaps the
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simplest deferred-free technique: simply waiting a fixed amount of time
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before freeing blocks awaiting deferred free. Jacobson did not describe
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any write-side changes he might have made in this work using SGI's Irix
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kernel. Aju John published a similar technique in 1995 [AjuJohn95].
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This works well if there is a well-defined upper bound on the length of
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time that reading threads can hold references, as there might well be in
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hard real-time systems. However, if this time is exceeded, perhaps due
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to preemption, excessive interrupts, or larger-than-anticipated load,
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memory corruption can ensue, with no reasonable means of diagnosis.
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Jacobson's technique is therefore inappropriate for use in production
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operating-system kernels, except when such kernels can provide hard
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real-time response guarantees for all operations.
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Also in 1995, Pu et al. [Pu95a] applied a technique similar to that of Pugh's
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read-side-tracking to permit replugging of algorithms within a commercial
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Unix operating system. However, this replugging permitted only a single
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reader at a time. The following year, this same group of researchers
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extended their technique to allow for multiple readers [Cowan96a].
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Their approach requires memory barriers (and thus pipeline stalls),
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but reduces memory latency, contention, and locking overheads.
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1995 also saw the first publication of DYNIX/ptx's RCU mechanism
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[Slingwine95], which was optimized for modern CPU architectures,
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and was successfully applied to a number of situations within the
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DYNIX/ptx kernel. The corresponding conference paper appeared in 1998
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[McKenney98].
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In 1999, the Tornado and K42 groups described their "generations"
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mechanism, which quite similar to RCU [Gamsa99]. These operating systems
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made pervasive use of RCU in place of "existence locks", which greatly
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simplifies locking hierarchies.
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2001 saw the first RCU presentation involving Linux [McKenney01a]
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at OLS. The resulting abundance of RCU patches was presented the
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following year [McKenney02a], and use of RCU in dcache was first
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described that same year [Linder02a].
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Also in 2002, Michael [Michael02b,Michael02a] presented "hazard-pointer"
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techniques that defer the destruction of data structures to simplify
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non-blocking synchronization (wait-free synchronization, lock-free
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synchronization, and obstruction-free synchronization are all examples of
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non-blocking synchronization). In particular, this technique eliminates
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locking, reduces contention, reduces memory latency for readers, and
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parallelizes pipeline stalls and memory latency for writers. However,
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these techniques still impose significant read-side overhead in the
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form of memory barriers. Researchers at Sun worked along similar lines
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in the same timeframe [HerlihyLM02]. These techniques can be thought
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of as inside-out reference counts, where the count is represented by the
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number of hazard pointers referencing a given data structure (rather than
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the more conventional counter field within the data structure itself).
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By the same token, RCU can be thought of as a "bulk reference count",
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where some form of reference counter covers all reference by a given CPU
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or thread during a set timeframe. This timeframe is related to, but
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not necessarily exactly the same as, an RCU grace period. In classic
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RCU, the reference counter is the per-CPU bit in the "bitmask" field,
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and each such bit covers all references that might have been made by
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the corresponding CPU during the prior grace period. Of course, RCU
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can be thought of in other terms as well.
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In 2003, the K42 group described how RCU could be used to create
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hot-pluggable implementations of operating-system functions [Appavoo03a].
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Later that year saw a paper describing an RCU implementation of System
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V IPC [Arcangeli03], and an introduction to RCU in Linux Journal
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[McKenney03a].
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2004 has seen a Linux-Journal article on use of RCU in dcache
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[McKenney04a], a performance comparison of locking to RCU on several
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different CPUs [McKenney04b], a dissertation describing use of RCU in a
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number of operating-system kernels [PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD], a paper
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describing how to make RCU safe for soft-realtime applications [Sarma04c],
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and a paper describing SELinux performance with RCU [JamesMorris04b].
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2005 brought further adaptation of RCU to realtime use, permitting
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preemption of RCU realtime critical sections [PaulMcKenney05a,
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PaulMcKenney05b].
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2006 saw the first best-paper award for an RCU paper [ThomasEHart2006a],
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as well as further work on efficient implementations of preemptible
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RCU [PaulEMcKenney2006b], but priority-boosting of RCU read-side critical
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sections proved elusive. An RCU implementation permitting general
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blocking in read-side critical sections appeared [PaulEMcKenney2006c],
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Robert Olsson described an RCU-protected trie-hash combination
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[RobertOlsson2006a].
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Bibtex Entries
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@article{Kung80
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,author="H. T. Kung and Q. Lehman"
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,title="Concurrent Maintenance of Binary Search Trees"
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,Year="1980"
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,Month="September"
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,journal="ACM Transactions on Database Systems"
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,volume="5"
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,number="3"
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,pages="354-382"
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}
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@techreport{Manber82
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,author="Udi Manber and Richard E. Ladner"
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,title="Concurrency Control in a Dynamic Search Structure"
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,institution="Department of Computer Science, University of Washington"
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,address="Seattle, Washington"
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,year="1982"
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,number="82-01-01"
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,month="January"
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,pages="28"
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}
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@article{Manber84
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,author="Udi Manber and Richard E. Ladner"
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,title="Concurrency Control in a Dynamic Search Structure"
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,Year="1984"
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,Month="September"
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,journal="ACM Transactions on Database Systems"
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,volume="9"
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,number="3"
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,pages="439-455"
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}
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@techreport{Hennessy89
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,author="James P. Hennessy and Damian L. Osisek and Joseph W. {Seigh II}"
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,title="Passive Serialization in a Multitasking Environment"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="1989"
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,number="US Patent 4,809,168 (lapsed)"
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,month="February"
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,pages="11"
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}
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@techreport{Pugh90
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,author="William Pugh"
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,title="Concurrent Maintenance of Skip Lists"
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,institution="Institute of Advanced Computer Science Studies, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland"
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,address="College Park, Maryland"
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,year="1990"
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,number="CS-TR-2222.1"
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,month="June"
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}
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@Book{Adams91
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,Author="Gregory R. Adams"
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,title="Concurrent Programming, Principles, and Practices"
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,Publisher="Benjamin Cummins"
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,Year="1991"
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}
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@unpublished{Jacobson93
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,author="Van Jacobson"
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,title="Avoid Read-Side Locking Via Delayed Free"
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,year="1993"
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,month="September"
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,note="Verbal discussion"
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}
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@Conference{AjuJohn95
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,Author="Aju John"
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,Title="Dynamic vnodes -- Design and Implementation"
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,Booktitle="{USENIX Winter 1995}"
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,Publisher="USENIX Association"
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,Month="January"
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,Year="1995"
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,pages="11-23"
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,Address="New Orleans, LA"
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}
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@conference{Pu95a,
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Author = "Calton Pu and Tito Autrey and Andrew Black and Charles Consel and
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Crispin Cowan and Jon Inouye and Lakshmi Kethana and Jonathan Walpole and
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Ke Zhang",
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Title = "Optimistic Incremental Specialization: Streamlining a Commercial
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Operating System",
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Booktitle = "15\textsuperscript{th} ACM Symposium on
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Operating Systems Principles (SOSP'95)",
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address = "Copper Mountain, CO",
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month="December",
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year="1995",
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pages="314-321",
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annotation="
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Uses a replugger, but with a flag to signal when people are
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using the resource at hand. Only one reader at a time.
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"
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}
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@conference{Cowan96a,
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Author = "Crispin Cowan and Tito Autrey and Charles Krasic and
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Calton Pu and Jonathan Walpole",
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Title = "Fast Concurrent Dynamic Linking for an Adaptive Operating System",
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Booktitle = "International Conference on Configurable Distributed Systems
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(ICCDS'96)",
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address = "Annapolis, MD",
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month="May",
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year="1996",
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pages="108",
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isbn="0-8186-7395-8",
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annotation="
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Uses a replugger, but with a counter to signal when people are
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using the resource at hand. Allows multiple readers.
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"
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}
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@techreport{Slingwine95
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,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Apparatus and Method for Achieving Reduced Overhead Mutual
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Exclusion and Maintaining Coherency in a Multiprocessor System
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Utilizing Execution History and Thread Monitoring"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="1995"
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,number="US Patent 5,442,758 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="August"
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}
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@techreport{Slingwine97
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,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Method for maintaining data coherency using thread
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activity summaries in a multicomputer system"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="1997"
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,number="US Patent 5,608,893 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="March"
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}
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@techreport{Slingwine98
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,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Apparatus and method for achieving reduced overhead
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mutual exclusion and maintaining coherency in a multiprocessor
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system utilizing execution history and thread monitoring"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="1998"
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,number="US Patent 5,727,209 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="March"
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}
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@Conference{McKenney98
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,Author="Paul E. McKenney and John D. Slingwine"
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,Title="Read-Copy Update: Using Execution History to Solve Concurrency
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Problems"
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,Booktitle="{Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems}"
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,Month="October"
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,Year="1998"
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,pages="509-518"
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,Address="Las Vegas, NV"
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}
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@Conference{Gamsa99
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,Author="Ben Gamsa and Orran Krieger and Jonathan Appavoo and Michael Stumm"
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,Title="Tornado: Maximizing Locality and Concurrency in a Shared Memory
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Multiprocessor Operating System"
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,Booktitle="{Proceedings of the 3\textsuperscript{rd} Symposium on
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Operating System Design and Implementation}"
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,Month="February"
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,Year="1999"
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,pages="87-100"
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,Address="New Orleans, LA"
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}
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@techreport{Slingwine01
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,author="John D. Slingwine and Paul E. McKenney"
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,title="Apparatus and method for achieving reduced overhead
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mutual exclusion and maintaining coherency in a multiprocessor
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system utilizing execution history and thread monitoring"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="2001"
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,number="US Patent 5,219,690 (contributed under GPL)"
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,month="April"
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}
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@Conference{McKenney01a
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,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Jonathan Appavoo and Andi Kleen and
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Orran Krieger and Rusty Russell and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
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,Title="Read-Copy Update"
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,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
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,Month="July"
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,Year="2001"
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,note="Available:
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\url{http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2001/abstracts/readcopy.php}
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\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/rclock/rclock_OLS.2001.05.01c.pdf}
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[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
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annotation="
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Described RCU, and presented some patches implementing and using it in
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the Linux kernel.
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"
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}
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@Conference{Linder02a
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,Author="Hanna Linder and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
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,Title="Scalability of the Directory Entry Cache"
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,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
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,Month="June"
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,Year="2002"
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,pages="289-300"
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}
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@Conference{McKenney02a
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,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and
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Andrea Arcangeli and Andi Kleen and Orran Krieger and Rusty Russell"
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,Title="Read-Copy Update"
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,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
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,Month="June"
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,Year="2002"
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,pages="338-367"
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,note="Available:
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\url{http://www.linux.org.uk/~ajh/ols2002_proceedings.pdf.gz}
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[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
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}
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@conference{Michael02a
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,author="Maged M. Michael"
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,title="Safe Memory Reclamation for Dynamic Lock-Free Objects Using Atomic
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Reads and Writes"
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,Year="2002"
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,Month="August"
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,booktitle="{Proceedings of the 21\textsuperscript{st} Annual ACM
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Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing}"
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,pages="21-30"
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,annotation="
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Each thread keeps an array of pointers to items that it is
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currently referencing. Sort of an inside-out garbage collection
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mechanism, but one that requires the accessing code to explicitly
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state its needs. Also requires read-side memory barriers on
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most architectures.
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"
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}
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@conference{Michael02b
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,author="Maged M. Michael"
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,title="High Performance Dynamic Lock-Free Hash Tables and List-Based Sets"
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,Year="2002"
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,Month="August"
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,booktitle="{Proceedings of the 14\textsuperscript{th} Annual ACM
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Symposium on Parallel
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Algorithms and Architecture}"
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,pages="73-82"
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,annotation="
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Like the title says...
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"
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}
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@InProceedings{HerlihyLM02
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,author={Maurice Herlihy and Victor Luchangco and Mark Moir}
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,title="The Repeat Offender Problem: A Mechanism for Supporting Dynamic-Sized,
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Lock-Free Data Structures"
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,booktitle={Proceedings of 16\textsuperscript{th} International
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Symposium on Distributed Computing}
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,year=2002
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,month="October"
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,pages="339-353"
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}
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@article{Appavoo03a
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,author="J. Appavoo and K. Hui and C. A. N. Soules and R. W. Wisniewski and
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D. M. {Da Silva} and O. Krieger and M. A. Auslander and D. J. Edelsohn and
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B. Gamsa and G. R. Ganger and P. McKenney and M. Ostrowski and
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B. Rosenburg and M. Stumm and J. Xenidis"
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,title="Enabling Autonomic Behavior in Systems Software With Hot Swapping"
|
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,Year="2003"
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,Month="January"
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,journal="IBM Systems Journal"
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,volume="42"
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,number="1"
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,pages="60-76"
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}
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@Conference{Arcangeli03
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,Author="Andrea Arcangeli and Mingming Cao and Paul E. McKenney and
|
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Dipankar Sarma"
|
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,Title="Using Read-Copy Update Techniques for {System V IPC} in the
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{Linux} 2.5 Kernel"
|
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,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
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(FREENIX Track)"
|
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,Publisher="USENIX Association"
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,year="2003"
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,month="June"
|
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,pages="297-310"
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}
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@article{McKenney03a
|
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,author="Paul E. McKenney"
|
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,title="Using {RCU} in the {Linux} 2.5 Kernel"
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,Year="2003"
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,Month="October"
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,journal="Linux Journal"
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,volume="1"
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,number="114"
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,pages="18-26"
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}
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@techreport{Friedberg03a
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,author="Stuart A. Friedberg"
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,title="Lock-Free Wild Card Search Data Structure and Method"
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,institution="US Patent and Trademark Office"
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,address="Washington, DC"
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,year="2003"
|
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,number="US Patent 6,662,184 (contributed under GPL)"
|
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,month="December"
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,pages="112"
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}
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@article{McKenney04a
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,author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and Maneesh Soni"
|
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,title="Scaling dcache with {RCU}"
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,Year="2004"
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,Month="January"
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,journal="Linux Journal"
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,volume="1"
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,number="118"
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,pages="38-46"
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}
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@Conference{McKenney04b
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,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
|
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,Title="{RCU} vs. Locking Performance on Different {CPUs}"
|
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,Booktitle="{linux.conf.au}"
|
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,Month="January"
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,Year="2004"
|
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,Address="Adelaide, Australia"
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,note="Available:
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\url{http://www.linux.org.au/conf/2004/abstracts.html#90}
|
|
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/rclock/lockperf.2004.01.17a.pdf}
|
|
[Viewed June 23, 2004]"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@phdthesis{PaulEdwardMcKenneyPhD
|
|
,author="Paul E. McKenney"
|
|
,title="Exploiting Deferred Destruction:
|
|
An Analysis of Read-Copy-Update Techniques
|
|
in Operating System Kernels"
|
|
,school="OGI School of Science and Engineering at
|
|
Oregon Health and Sciences University"
|
|
,year="2004"
|
|
,note="Available:
|
|
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/RCUdissertation.2004.07.14e1.pdf}
|
|
[Viewed October 15, 2004]"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@Conference{Sarma04c
|
|
,Author="Dipankar Sarma and Paul E. McKenney"
|
|
,Title="Making RCU Safe for Deep Sub-Millisecond Response Realtime Applications"
|
|
,Booktitle="Proceedings of the 2004 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
|
|
(FREENIX Track)"
|
|
,Publisher="USENIX Association"
|
|
,year="2004"
|
|
,month="June"
|
|
,pages="182-191"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@unpublished{JamesMorris04b
|
|
,Author="James Morris"
|
|
,Title="Recent Developments in {SELinux} Kernel Performance"
|
|
,month="December"
|
|
,year="2004"
|
|
,note="Available:
|
|
\url{http://www.livejournal.com/users/james_morris/2153.html}
|
|
[Viewed December 10, 2004]"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@unpublished{PaulMcKenney05a
|
|
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
|
|
,Title="{[RFC]} {RCU} and {CONFIG\_PREEMPT\_RT} progress"
|
|
,month="May"
|
|
,year="2005"
|
|
,note="Available:
|
|
\url{http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/5/9/185}
|
|
[Viewed May 13, 2005]"
|
|
,annotation="
|
|
First publication of working lock-based deferred free patches
|
|
for the CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT environment.
|
|
"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@conference{PaulMcKenney05b
|
|
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma"
|
|
,Title="Towards Hard Realtime Response from the Linux Kernel on SMP Hardware"
|
|
,Booktitle="linux.conf.au 2005"
|
|
,month="April"
|
|
,year="2005"
|
|
,address="Canberra, Australia"
|
|
,note="Available:
|
|
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/realtimeRCU.2005.04.23a.pdf}
|
|
[Viewed May 13, 2005]"
|
|
,annotation="
|
|
Realtime turns into making RCU yet more realtime friendly.
|
|
"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@conference{ThomasEHart2006a
|
|
,Author="Thomas E. Hart and Paul E. McKenney and Angela Demke Brown"
|
|
,Title="Making Lockless Synchronization Fast: Performance Implications
|
|
of Memory Reclamation"
|
|
,Booktitle="20\textsuperscript{th} {IEEE} International Parallel and
|
|
Distributed Processing Symposium"
|
|
,month="April"
|
|
,year="2006"
|
|
,day="25-29"
|
|
,address="Rhodes, Greece"
|
|
,annotation="
|
|
Compares QSBR (AKA "classic RCU"), HPBR, EBR, and lock-free
|
|
reference counting.
|
|
"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@Conference{PaulEMcKenney2006b
|
|
,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma and Ingo Molnar and
|
|
Suparna Bhattacharya"
|
|
,Title="Extending RCU for Realtime and Embedded Workloads"
|
|
,Booktitle="{Ottawa Linux Symposium}"
|
|
,Month="July"
|
|
,Year="2006"
|
|
,pages="v2 123-138"
|
|
,note="Available:
|
|
\url{http://www.linuxsymposium.org/2006/view_abstract.php?content_key=184}
|
|
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/OLSrtRCU.2006.08.11a.pdf}
|
|
[Viewed January 1, 2007]"
|
|
,annotation="
|
|
Described how to improve the -rt implementation of realtime RCU.
|
|
"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2006c
|
|
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
|
|
,Title="Sleepable {RCU}"
|
|
,month="October"
|
|
,day="9"
|
|
,year="2006"
|
|
,note="Available:
|
|
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/202847/}
|
|
Revised:
|
|
\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/srcu.2007.01.14a.pdf}
|
|
[Viewed August 21, 2006]"
|
|
,annotation="
|
|
LWN article introducing SRCU.
|
|
"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@unpublished{RobertOlsson2006a
|
|
,Author="Robert Olsson and Stefan Nilsson"
|
|
,Title="{TRASH}: A dynamic {LC}-trie and hash data structure"
|
|
,month="August"
|
|
,day="18"
|
|
,year="2006"
|
|
,note="Available:
|
|
\url{http://www.nada.kth.se/~snilsson/public/papers/trash/trash.pdf}
|
|
[Viewed February 24, 2007]"
|
|
,annotation="
|
|
RCU-protected dynamic trie-hash combination.
|
|
"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@unpublished{ThomasEHart2007a
|
|
,Author="Thomas E. Hart and Paul E. McKenney and Angela Demke Brown and Jonathan Walpole"
|
|
,Title="Performance of memory reclamation for lockless synchronization"
|
|
,journal="J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."
|
|
,year="2007"
|
|
,note="To appear in J. Parallel Distrib. Comput.
|
|
\url{doi=10.1016/j.jpdc.2007.04.010}"
|
|
,annotation={
|
|
Compares QSBR (AKA "classic RCU"), HPBR, EBR, and lock-free
|
|
reference counting. Journal version of ThomasEHart2006a.
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
@unpublished{PaulEMcKenney2007QRCUspin
|
|
,Author="Paul E. McKenney"
|
|
,Title="Using Promela and Spin to verify parallel algorithms"
|
|
,month="August"
|
|
,day="1"
|
|
,year="2007"
|
|
,note="Available:
|
|
\url{http://lwn.net/Articles/243851/}
|
|
[Viewed September 8, 2007]"
|
|
,annotation="
|
|
LWN article describing Promela and spin, and also using Oleg
|
|
Nesterov's QRCU as an example (with Paul McKenney's fastpath).
|
|
"
|
|
}
|
|
|