NNET supports TVM backend and kernels (#78)

* Add: mutator InfoGAN minimum test

* Add: cache and padding (bugs!!)

* Add: expression reader as a cmake target

* Fix: [Intermediate] NMutator::expressionToGraph

To be fix: matmul with implicit broadcast

* Add: matmul broadcast

* Fix: GraphObj ctor should use cloneTensor

* Fix: cuBLAS failure when codegen is enabled

* Add: Exception for checkCuError

* Fix: graph OpList ctor

* Add: expr simplication for TVM

* Add: TVM headers and CMake include paths

* Add: CMake config

* Add: PackedFunc (broken)

* Fix: remove cuCtxCreate which makes TVM fails

* Fix: membound_tvm

* Fix: test_memboundOp

* Add: PRelu Expr and AsTVMVisitor

* Add: Random generator

* Add: support TVM packed function

* Fix: specify runtime

* Add: CMake support of TVM

* Add: detailed output of Matmul

* Add: comments for Matmul

* Chore: format and comments

* Chore: GraphObj::selfCheck without assert control

* Fix: CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS in CMakeLists

* fix merge bug

* update api for mkl batchnorm test

* fix lotus env

* fig header bug

---------

Co-authored-by: Liyan Zheng <liyan-zheng@outlook.com>
Co-authored-by: huangshuhong <huangsh19@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn>
Co-authored-by: whjthu <haojie0429@gmail.com>

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -16,6 +16,16 @@ cmake_dependent_option(BUILD_TEST_EINNET "Build tests for EINNET" OFF BUILD_TEST
 
 set(DEFAULT_BUILD_TYPE "RelWithDebInfo")
 
+if(EXISTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.cmake)
+  message(STATUS "Using config.cmake in CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR directory")
+  include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.cmake)
+else()
+  if(EXISTS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.cmake)
+    message(STATUS "Using config.cmake in CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR directory")
+    include(${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.cmake)
+  endif()
+endif()
+
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 17)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF) # -std=gnu++11 when on, -std=c++11 when off
 
@@ -32,19 +42,6 @@ if(OpenMP_CXX_FOUND)
   set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} ${OpenMP_CXX_FLAGS}")
 endif()
 
-
-if(BUILD_TEST)
-  set(BUILD_GMOCK
-      OFF
-      CACHE BOOL "Do not build gmock" FORCE)
-  set(INSTALL_GTEST
-      OFF
-      CACHE BOOL "Do not install gtest" FORCE)
-  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -g -Wall ")    
-  add_subdirectory(3rd-party/googletest)
-  include_directories(SYSTEM 3rd-party/googletest/googletest/include)
-endif()
-
 #Protobuf
 if(USE_PROTOBUF)
   add_definitions(-D TENSOR_PROTOBUF)
@@ -71,10 +68,35 @@ include_directories(3rd-party/pybind11/include)
 add_subdirectory(3rd-party/nlohmann_json_cmake_fetchcontent)
 include_directories(3rd-party/nlohmann_json_cmake_fetchcontent/single_include)
 
+# TVM backend
+if(BUILD_TEST_EINNET)
+  if (NOT TVM_INCLUDE_DIR OR NOT DMLC_INCLUDE_DIR OR NOT DLPACK_INCLUDE_DIR OR NOT DLPACK_INCLUDE_DIR)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "TVM_INCLUDE_DIR, DMLC_INCLUDE_DIR, and DLPACK_INCLUDE_DIR must be set when BUILD_TEST_EINNET is ON")
+  endif()
+  # TVM and DMLC for invoking TVM packed functions
+  include_directories(${TVM_INCLUDE_DIR})
+  include_directories(${DMLC_INCLUDE_DIR})
+  include_directories(${DLPACK_INCLUDE_DIR})
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -DDMLC_USE_LOGGING_LIBRARY=\\\<${TVM_INCLUDE_DIR}/tvm/runtime/logging.h\\\> ")
+  set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -DINFINI_USE_TVM=1") # Enable TVM codegen kernels 
+endif()
+
+if(BUILD_TEST)
+  set(BUILD_GMOCK
+      OFF
+      CACHE BOOL "Do not build gmock" FORCE)
+  set(INSTALL_GTEST
+      OFF
+      CACHE BOOL "Do not install gtest" FORCE)
+  add_subdirectory(3rd-party/googletest)
+  include_directories(3rd-party/googletest/googletest/include)
+endif()
+
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -g -Wall -Werror -Wno-error=deprecated-declarations")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} -UNDEBUG") # Enable assertion
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO} -UNDEBUG") # Enable assertion
 
+
 # Source files
 file(GLOB_RECURSE SRC src/ffi/*.cc src/core/*.cc src/kernels/cpu/*.cc src/nnet/*.cc src/operators/*.cc src/utils/*.cc)
 
@@ -101,6 +123,11 @@ endif()
 
 target_link_libraries(InfiniTensor pybind11::embed)
 
+# TVM backend
+if(BUILD_TEST_EINNET)
+  target_link_libraries(InfiniTensor ${TVM_LIB_DIR}/libtvm.so)
+endif()
+
 # Python bindings
 file(GLOB_RECURSE FFIS src/ffi/ffi_infinitensor.cc)
 pybind11_add_module(backend MODULE ${FFIS})
@@ -229,5 +256,9 @@ if(BUILD_TEST)
   endif()
   if(BUILD_TEST_EINNET)
     build_test(test/nnet/test_*.cc)
+
+    # Build expression reader
+    add_executable(nnet_reader test/nnet/readlog.cc)
+    target_link_libraries(nnet_reader InfiniTensor)
   endif()
 endif()

Makefile

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ endif
 
 build:
 	mkdir -p build/$(TYPE)
-	cd build/$(TYPE) && cmake $(CMAKE_OPT) ../.. && make -j22
+	cd build/$(TYPE) && cmake $(CMAKE_OPT) ../.. && make -j8
 
 clean:
 	rm -rf build

cmake/config_lotus_TVM.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+set(TVM_HOME "/home/zly/Apps/tvm-v0.10.0")
+set(TVM_INCLUDE_DIR "${TVM_HOME}/include")
+set(TVM_LIB_DIR "${TVM_HOME}/build")
+set(DMLC_INCLUDE_DIR "${TVM_HOME}/3rdparty/dmlc-core/include")
+set(DLPACK_INCLUDE_DIR "${TVM_HOME}/3rdparty/dlpack/include")
+
+set(USE_CUDA ON)
+set(USE_BANG OFF)
+
+set(BUILD_TEST ON)
+set(BUILD_TEST_CORE ON)
+set(BUILD_TEST_PET OFF)
+set(BUILD_TEST_EINNET ON)

include/core/graph.h

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ class GraphObj : public Object {
     Tensor addTensor(Shape dim, DataType dtype = DataType::Float32);
     Tensor addTensor(const Tensor &tensor);
     TensorVec addTensor(const TensorVec &tensors);
+    /**
+     * @brief Clone a tensor and add it to the graph.
+     */
     Tensor cloneTensor(const Tensor &tensor) {
         return addTensor(tensor->clone(runtime));
     }

include/core/tensor.h

@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ class TensorObj : public TensorBaseObj {
 
     void copyData(const TensorObj *src);
     void copyData(const Tensor &src) { copyData(src.get()); }
+
+    // FIXME: std::fucntion copies the generator instead of passing it by ref.
+    // Thus the internal state of generator cannot be updated.
     void setData(
         const std::function<void(void *, size_t, DataType)> &generator) const;
     Tensor clone() const {
@@ -92,29 +95,31 @@ class TensorObj : public TensorBaseObj {
     }
 
     void printData() const;
-    bool equalData(const Tensor &rhs) const;
+    bool equalData(const Tensor &rhs, double relativeError = 1e-6) const;
 
     template <typename T> bool equalData(const vector<T> &dataVector) {
         IT_ASSERT(DataType::get<T>() == dtype);
         IT_ASSERT(size() == dataVector.size());
-        return equalDataImpl(getRawDataPtr<T *>(), dataVector.data(), size());
+        return equalDataImpl(getRawDataPtr<T *>(), dataVector.data(), size(),
+                             1e-6);
     }
 
     size_t getOffsetByBroadcastOffset(size_t bcOffset, Shape bcShape) const;
 
   private:
-    void printDataFloat() const;
+    void printDataFloat(float *ptr) const;
-    void printDataUint32_t() const;
+    void printDataUint32_t(uint32_t *ptr) const;
 
     template <typename T>
-    bool equalDataImpl(const T *a, const T *b, size_t size) const {
+    bool equalDataImpl(const T *a, const T *b, size_t size,
+                       double relativeError) const {
         for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
             if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T>) {
                 if (a[i] != b[i])
                     return false;
             } else if constexpr (std::is_floating_point_v<T>) {
                 if (fabs(a[i] - b[i]) / std::max(fabs(a[i]), fabs(b[i])) >
-                    1e-6) {
+                    relativeError) {
                     printf("Error on %lu: %f %f\n", i, a[i], b[i]);
                     return false;
                 }

include/cuda/cuda_common.h

@@ -23,9 +23,8 @@
         const char *errName;                                                   \
         if (CUDA_SUCCESS != err) {                                             \
             cuGetErrorString(err, &errName);                                   \
-            fprintf(stderr, "Cuda error in %s:%i : %s.\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, \
+            IT_ASSERT(err == CUDA_SUCCESS,                                     \
-                    errName);                                                  \
+                      (string("CU error: ") + string(errName)));               \
-            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);                                                \
         }                                                                      \
     }
 

include/cuda/cuda_runtime.h

@@ -11,18 +11,8 @@ class CudaRuntimeObj : public RuntimeObj {
     CudaPtr workspace;
     size_t workspaceSize;
 
-  public:
-    CUdevice cuDevice;
-    CUcontext newContext;
-
   public:
     CudaRuntimeObj() : RuntimeObj(Device::CUDA) {
-        // Prepare for nvrtc. cuCtxCreate should be called befero others.
-        // Otherwise it will result in strange failure, such as cuBLAS failed on
-        // certian inputs.
-        checkCUresult(cuInit(0));
-        checkCUresult(cuDeviceGet(&cuDevice, 0));
-        checkCUresult(cuCtxCreate(&newContext, 0, cuDevice));
 
         checkCudnnError(cudnnCreate(&cudnn));
         checkCublasError(cublasCreate(&cublas));
@@ -32,10 +22,13 @@ class CudaRuntimeObj : public RuntimeObj {
         workspace = alloc(workspaceSize);
     }
     virtual ~CudaRuntimeObj() {
+        try {
             dealloc(workspace);
             checkCudnnError(cudnnDestroy(cudnn));
             checkCublasError(cublasDestroy(cublas));
-        checkCUresult(cuCtxDestroy(newContext));
+        } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+            std::cerr << "Error in ~CudaRuntimeObj: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        }
     }
     string toString() const override;
 

include/nnet/Visitor/HashVisitor.h

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ class HashVisitor : public Functor<HashType(void)> {
     HashType visit_(const Subscript &c) override;
     HashType visit_(const Tensor &c) override;
     HashType visit_(const Var &c) override;
+    HashType visit_(const Func &c) override;
 
   public:
     HashVisitor(int _verobse = 0) : Functor(_verobse) {}

include/nnet/Visitor/MergeMemboundMutator.h

@@ -20,7 +20,13 @@ class MergeMemboundMutator : public Mutator {
      */
     MergeMemboundMutator(const VecExpr &kernels)
         : Mutator(), kernels(kernels), curDepth(kernels.size() - 1) {}
-    Expr merge(bool allowEmptyMembound = false);
+
+    /// @brief Merged multiple expressions into one with one or several stages.
+    /// @param allowEmptyMembound
+    /// @param allowFailure If true, return nullptr when merging fails. If
+    /// false, assert will fail.
+    /// @return
+    Expr merge(bool allowEmptyMembound = false, bool allowFailure = false);
 };
 
 } // namespace nnet

include/nnet/common.h

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ static inline HashType genhash(string s) {
 }
 
 #define nnet_unimplemented_halt()                                              \
-    { assert(!"Unimplemented"); }
+    { IT_TODO_HALT(); }
 
 #define nnet_unimplemented_continue()                                          \
     { dbg("Unimplemented"); }

include/nnet/expr.h

@@ -104,10 +104,11 @@ enum class NodeType {
     FuncNodeType
 };
 
-enum class FuncType { Relu, Tanh };
+enum class FuncType { Relu, Tanh, PRelu };
 
-#define DEFINE_GETTYPE(CLASS)                                                  \
+#define DEFINE_GETTYPE(CLASS, isScalar_v)                                      \
-    NodeType getType() const override { return NodeType::CLASS##Type; }
+    NodeType getType() const override { return NodeType::CLASS##Type; }        \
+    bool isScalar() const override { return isScalar_v; }
 
 class ExprNode {
   public:
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ class ExprNode {
     friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &ios, const ExprNode &expr);
 
     virtual NodeType getType() const = 0;
+    virtual bool isScalar() const = 0;
 };
 
 class VarNode : public ExprNode {
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ class VarNode : public ExprNode {
   public:
     VarNode(std::string _name) : name(_name){};
     virtual ~VarNode() {}
-    DEFINE_GETTYPE(VarNode);
+    DEFINE_GETTYPE(VarNode, true);
 
     const std::string &getName() const { return name; }
     HashType hash() const override { return genhash(name); };
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ class TensorNode : public ExprNode {
     TensorNode(string _name, vector<int> _shape, vector<int> _paddings = {},
                Routine _source = nullptr);
     virtual ~TensorNode() {}
-    DEFINE_GETTYPE(TensorNode);
+    DEFINE_GETTYPE(TensorNode, false);
 
     bool operator==(const string &rhs) { return name == rhs; }
     friend bool operator==(const string &lhs, const TensorNode &rhs) {
@@ -174,6 +176,7 @@ class TensorNode : public ExprNode {
     const Routine &getSource() const { return source; }
     int getData(const Ref<vector<int>> &data, const vector<int> &idx);
     size_t getOffset(const vector<int> &idx);
+    bool hasPadding();
 };
 
 enum class OpType { Range, Add, Mul, Div, Mod, Sub };
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ class RangeOpNode : public OperatorNode {
                 const vector<int> &paddings)
         : OperatorNode(OpType::Range, {_summand}), vars{_loopIters, _sumIters},
           paddings(paddings){};
-    DEFINE_GETTYPE(RangeOpNode);
+    DEFINE_GETTYPE(RangeOpNode, false);
 
     virtual HashType hash() const override {
         nnet_unimplemented_halt();
@@ -289,7 +292,7 @@ class BinaryOpNode : public OperatorNode {
     BinaryOpNode(OpType _opType, Expr _lhs, Expr _rhs)
         : OperatorNode(_opType, {_lhs, _rhs}){};
     virtual ~BinaryOpNode() {}
-    DEFINE_GETTYPE(BinaryOpNode);
+    DEFINE_GETTYPE(BinaryOpNode, true);
 
     virtual HashType hash() const override {
         return genhash((HashType)opType,
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@ class ConstantNode : public ExprNode {
     ConstantNode(int _val) : val(_val){};
     ConstantNode(const ConstantNode &rhs) : ExprNode(rhs), val(rhs.val){};
     virtual ~ConstantNode() {}
-    DEFINE_GETTYPE(ConstantNode);
+    DEFINE_GETTYPE(ConstantNode, true);
 
     int getValue() const { return val; }
     virtual HashType hash() const override { return genhash(val, 6214587); };
@@ -334,7 +337,7 @@ class SubscriptNode : public ExprNode {
     SubscriptNode(Expr _indexed, vector<Expr> _subExprs) : subExprs(_subExprs) {
         setObject(_indexed);
     };
-    DEFINE_GETTYPE(SubscriptNode);
+    DEFINE_GETTYPE(SubscriptNode, true);
 
     virtual HashType hash() const override {
         nnet_unimplemented_continue();
@@ -358,14 +361,15 @@ class SubscriptNode : public ExprNode {
 
 class FuncNode : public ExprNode {
   protected:
-    Subscript object;
+    Expr object;
     FuncType funcType;
 
   public:
-    FuncNode(Expr object, FuncType funcType) : funcType(funcType) {
+    FuncNode(Expr object, FuncType funcType)
-        setObject(object);
+        : object(object), funcType(funcType) {
+        nnet_assert(object->isScalar(), "FuncNode operates on a scalar");
     }
-    DEFINE_GETTYPE(FuncNode);
+    DEFINE_GETTYPE(FuncNode, true);
 
     virtual HashType hash() const override {
         nnet_unimplemented_continue();
@@ -373,7 +377,7 @@ class FuncNode : public ExprNode {
     };
     virtual string toReadable() const override;
 
-    const Subscript &getObject() const { return object; }
+    const Expr &getObject() const { return object; }
     void setObject(Expr e);
 
     FuncType getFuncType() const { return funcType; }

include/nnet/nmutator.h

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class NMutator : public Mutator {
 
   public:
     NMutator(Mode mode = Mode::Normal);
-    NMutator(const std::vector<int> &derivationRules);
+    NMutator(Mode mode, const std::vector<int> &derivationRules);
     ~NMutator();
 
     vector<Graph> run(const Graph &in_graph) override;

include/operators/matmul.h

@@ -19,9 +19,15 @@ class MatmulObj : public OperatorObj {
 
   public:
     /**
-     * @brief Construct a new Matmul object. This comments show how operators is
+     * @brief Matmul operator with batch broadcast and tensor transpose
-     * defined in InfiniTensor. The constructor can create output tensors for
+     * supports. Only one tensor with singe batch can be broadcasted due to the
-     * the operator or not, which depends on `graph`.
+     * BLAS interface restriction. Tranpose indicates whether the last two
+     * dimensions should be transposed before Matmul and does not affect other
+     * leading dimensions.
+     *
+     * Matmul show how operators are defined in InfiniTensor. The constructor of
+     * an operator can create output tensors for the operator or not, which
+     * depends on `graph`.
      *
      * @param graph The computation graph that this operator belongs to.
      * @param A The input tensor.

include/operators/membound.h

@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ namespace infini {
 class MemBoundObj : public OperatorObj {
   private:
     std::vector<nnet::Tensor> nnetInputs;
-    nnet::Expr expr;
+    nnet::Expr expr, simplifiedExpr;
     double exec_time;
     std::string hint;
+    HashType hash, simplifiedHash;
     int n, f, h, w;
 
   public:
@@ -26,11 +27,15 @@ class MemBoundObj : public OperatorObj {
     int numOutputs() const override { return outputs.size(); }
     const vector<nnet::Tensor> &getNnetInputs() const { return nnetInputs; }
     const nnet::Expr getNnetExpr() const { return expr; }
+    pair<const nnet::Expr, HashType> getSimplifiedNnetExpr() const {
+        return {expr, hash};
+    }
 
   private:
     vector<int> getWorkloadVector() const override;
     vector<int> getOpAttrVector() const override;
-    HashType getHash() const;
+    static HashType calcHash(nnet::Expr expr);
+    static bool checkOOB(nnet::Expr expr);
 };
 
 } // namespace infini

include/utils/data_generator.h

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+#pragma once
 #include "core/common.h"
 #include "core/tensor_base.h"
+#include <random>
 
 namespace infini {
 
@@ -38,6 +40,31 @@ class IncrementalGenerator : public DataGenerator {
     void fill(float *data, size_t size) override { fill<float>(data, size); }
 };
 
+class RandomGenerator : public DataGenerator {
+  private:
+    double l, r;
+    std::mt19937 e;
+    std::uniform_int_distribution<int> di;
+    std::uniform_real_distribution<float> dr;
+
+  public:
+    RandomGenerator(double l = 0, double r = 1, unsigned int seed = 0)
+        : l(l), r(r), e(seed), di(l, r), dr(l, r) {}
+    virtual ~RandomGenerator() {}
+
+  private:
+    void fill(uint32_t *data, size_t size) override {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            data[i] = di(e);
+        }
+    }
+    void fill(float *data, size_t size) override {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+            data[i] = dr(e);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
 template <int val> class ValGenerator : public DataGenerator {
   public:
     virtual ~ValGenerator() {}

python/cpp_plugin/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 from .gen_ansor_op import gen_ansor_op
+from .gen_ansor_so import gen_ansor_so

python/cpp_plugin/gen_ansor_op.py

@@ -3,19 +3,50 @@ import re
 import numpy as np
 import tvm
 from tvm import te, tir, auto_scheduler, topi
+import os
+import json
+import logging
+
+USE_CACHE = True
+logger = logging.getLogger('InfiniTensor')
+logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
 
 
-def gen_ansor_op(input_tensors, input_dtypes, output_tensor, output_dtype, f, func_name, input_names, output_name):
+def gen_ansor_op(input_tensors, input_dtypes, output_tensor, output_dtype, f,
+                 func_name, input_names, output_name, nnet_expression: str,
+                 nnet_simplified_expression: str, hash_code=None):
     assert len(input_tensors) == len(input_dtypes)
     assert len(input_tensors) == len(input_names)
 
+    logging.debug(f'Work on hash {hash_code}')
+
+    dir_name = os.path.join(".cache", "generated_kernels", str(hash_code))
+    func_code_fn = os.path.join(dir_name, "kernel.cu")
+    invoke_code_fn = os.path.join(dir_name, "invoke.cpp")
+    config_fn = os.path.join(dir_name, "config.json")
+
+    if USE_CACHE and hash_code is not None:
+        if os.path.exists(dir_name):
+            print(f"Use cache in {dir_name}")
+            with open(func_code_fn, "r") as func_code_fin:
+                func_code = func_code_fin.read()
+            with open(invoke_code_fn, "r") as invoke_code_fin:
+                invoke_code = invoke_code_fin.read()
+            with open(config_fn, "r") as config_fin:
+                config = json.loads(config_fin.read().strip())
+                conv_time = config["conv_time"]
+                invoke_params = config["invoke_params"]
+
+            logger.debug(f'Find tuning log for {hash_code}')
+            return func_code, invoke_code, conv_time, invoke_params
+
     print("Generating Ansor op: ")
     print(f)
 
     @auto_scheduler.register_workload(func_name)
     def compute():
         _locals = locals()
-        exec(f, {'tvm': tvm, 'te': te, 'tir': tir}, _locals)
+        exec(f, {'tvm': tvm, 'te': te, 'tir': tir, 'topi': topi}, _locals)
         return _locals['ret']
 
     target = tvm.target.Target("cuda")
@@ -43,6 +74,28 @@ def gen_ansor_op(input_tensors, input_dtypes, output_tensor, output_dtype, f, fu
     # Kill the measurement process
     del measure_ctx
 
+    def test_mutator():
+        # test part
+        tgt_temp = tvm.target.Target(target="llvm", host="llvm")
+        all_tensors = compute()
+        sch = te.create_schedule(all_tensors[0].op)
+        args = all_tensors
+        C0, K0, A0 = args
+        func_temp = tvm.build(sch, args, tgt_temp, name="temp")
+
+        # print result
+        n, c, h, w, f, r, s = 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 4, 4
+        dev_temp = tvm.device(tgt_temp.kind.name, 0)
+        A_temp = tvm.nd.array(
+            np.arange(n*h*w*f).reshape(n, h, w, f).astype(A0.dtype), dev_temp)
+        K_temp = tvm.nd.array(
+            np.arange(f*r*s*c).reshape(f, r, s, c).astype(K0.dtype), dev_temp)
+        C_temp = tvm.nd.array(
+            np.zeros((1, 4, 4, 1)).astype(C0.dtype), dev_temp)
+        func_temp(C_temp, K_temp, A_temp)
+        print("================= Test Result =====================")
+        print(C_temp)
+
     ir = str(tvm.lower(sch, args, simple_mode=True))
     thread_dim = [1, 1, 1]
     block_dim = [1, 1, 1]
@@ -83,11 +136,27 @@ def gen_ansor_op(input_tensors, input_dtypes, output_tensor, output_dtype, f, fu
 
     print("Func Code")
     # Attach TVM code behind func_code
-    func_code += "\n/* " + f + "*/"
+    func_code += "\n/* NNET tensor expression \n" + nnet_expression + "\n*/\n"
+    func_code += "\n/* NNET simplified tensor expression \n" + \
+        nnet_simplified_expression + "\n*/\n"
+    func_code += "\n/* TVM compute\n" + f + "\n*/\n"
     print(func_code)
     print("Invoke Code")
     print(invoke_code)
     print("Time")
     print(conv_time)
 
+    if hash_code is not None:
+        if not os.path.exists(dir_name):
+            os.makedirs(dir_name)
+        with open(func_code_fn, "w") as func_code_fout:
+            func_code_fout.write(func_code)
+        with open(invoke_code_fn, "w") as invoke_code_fout:
+            invoke_code_fout.write(invoke_code)
+        with open(config_fn, "w") as config_fout:
+            config_fout.write(json.dumps({
+                "conv_time": conv_time,
+                "invoke_params": invoke_params
+            }, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2))
+
     return func_code, invoke_code, conv_time, invoke_params  # ms

python/cpp_plugin/gen_ansor_so.py

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+import re
+
+import numpy as np
+import tvm
+from tvm import te, tir, auto_scheduler, topi
+import os
+import json
+import logging
+
+USE_CACHE = True
+logger = logging.getLogger('InfiniTensor')
+logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+
+def gen_ansor_so(input_tensors, input_dtypes, output_tensor, output_dtype,
+                 tvm_code, func_name, nnet_expression: str,
+                 nnet_simplified_expression: str, hash_code=None):
+    assert len(input_tensors) == len(input_dtypes)
+    
+    logging.debug(f'Work on hash {hash_code}')
+    dir_name = os.path.join(".cache", "generated_kernels", str(hash_code))
+    
+    if not os.path.exists(dir_name):
+        os.makedirs(dir_name)
+    
+    so_fn = os.path.join(dir_name, f"{func_name}.so")
+    config_fn = os.path.join(dir_name, "config_so.json")
+    
+    print("Generating Ansor op: ")
+    print(tvm_code)
+    
+    print("Input shape: ")
+    print(input_tensors)
+    print("Output shape: ")
+    print(output_tensor)
+    
+    if USE_CACHE and hash_code is not None:
+        if os.path.exists(dir_name) and \
+            os.path.exists(so_fn) and \
+            os.path.exists(config_fn):
+            print(f"Use cache in {dir_name}")
+            with open(config_fn, "r") as config_fin:
+                config = json.loads(config_fin.read().strip())
+                conv_time = config["conv_time"]
+
+            logger.debug(f'Find tuning log for {hash_code}')
+            return so_fn, conv_time
+    
+    @auto_scheduler.register_workload(func_name)
+    def compute():
+        _locals = locals()
+        exec(tvm_code, {'tvm': tvm, 'te': te, 'tir': tir, 'topi': topi}, _locals)
+        return _locals['ret']
+    
+    target = tvm.target.Target("cuda")
+
+    task = auto_scheduler.SearchTask(func=func_name, args=(), target=target)
+
+    # Inspect the computational graph
+    print("Computational DAG:")
+    print(task.compute_dag)
+
+    log_file = f"ansor_{func_name}_log.json"
+    measure_ctx = auto_scheduler.LocalRPCMeasureContext(min_repeat_ms=300)
+    tune_option = auto_scheduler.TuningOptions(
+        num_measure_trials=10,
+        runner=measure_ctx.runner,
+        measure_callbacks=[auto_scheduler.RecordToFile(log_file)],
+        verbose=2,
+    )
+
+    # Run auto-tuning (search)
+    task.tune(tune_option)
+    # Apply the best schedule
+    sch, args = task.apply_best(log_file)
+
+    # Kill the measurement process
+    del measure_ctx
+    
+    func = tvm.build(sch, args, target, name=func_name)
+    func.export_library(so_fn)
+    
+    ctx = tvm.cuda(0)
+    input_a = []
+    for i, (shape, dtype) in enumerate(zip(input_tensors, input_dtypes)):
+        a_np = np.random.uniform(size=shape).astype(dtype)
+        input_a.append(tvm.nd.array(a_np, ctx))
+    a_out = tvm.nd.array(np.zeros(output_tensor, dtype=output_dtype), ctx)
+    func(a_out, *input_a)
+    evaluator = func.time_evaluator(func.entry_name, ctx, number=100)
+    conv_time = evaluator(a_out, *input_a).mean * 1e3
+    
+    print("====NNET tensor expression====")
+    print(nnet_expression+"\n")
+    print("====NNET simplified tensor expression====")
+    print(nnet_simplified_expression+"\n")
+    print("====Time====")
+    print(conv_time)
+    
+    if USE_CACHE and hash_code is not None:
+        with open(config_fn, "w") as config_fout:
+            config_fout.write(json.dumps({
+                "conv_time": conv_time,
+            }, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2))
+    
+    return so_fn, conv_time

src/core/graph.cc

@@ -11,13 +11,11 @@ GraphObj::GraphObj(Runtime runtime, OpVec ops_in)
     for (const auto &op : ops_in) {
         for (const auto &t : op->getInputs())
             if (tensorPool.find(t->getFuid()) == tensorPool.end())
-                tensorPool[t->getFuid()] = t->clone();
+                tensorPool[t->getFuid()] = cloneTensor(t);
         for (const auto &t : op->getOutputs())
             if (tensorPool.find(t->getFuid()) == tensorPool.end())
-                tensorPool[t->getFuid()] = t->clone();
+                tensorPool[t->getFuid()] = cloneTensor(t);
     }
-    for (const auto &[_, t] : tensorPool)
-        addTensor(t);
     // Clone operators and add connections
     for (const auto &op : ops_in) {
         TensorVec inputs, outputs;
@@ -127,8 +125,12 @@ Tensor GraphObj::addTensor(Shape dim, DataType dtype) {
 }
 
 Tensor GraphObj::addTensor(const Tensor &tensor) {
-    IT_ASSERT(tensor->getRuntime() == runtime, "Tensor runtime mismatch");
+    IT_ASSERT(tensor->getRuntime() == runtime,
-    return tensors.emplace_back(tensor);
+              std::string("Tensor runtime mismatch: cannot add a tenosr in ") +
+                  tensor->getRuntime()->toString() + " to " +
+                  runtime->toString());
+    tensors.emplace_back(tensor);
+    return tensor;
 }
 
 TensorVec GraphObj::addTensor(const TensorVec &tensors) {
@@ -207,6 +209,13 @@ bool GraphObj::checkValid() const {
             IT_ASSERT(std::find(ops.begin(), ops.end(), suc) != ops.end());
         }
     }
+    std::set<UidBaseType> s;
+    // check whether two tensors with the same FUID exist
+    for (auto tensor : tensors) {
+        int cnt = s.count(tensor->getFuid());
+        IT_ASSERT(cnt == 0, std::to_string(tensor->getFuid()));
+        s.insert(tensor->getFuid());
+    }
     return true;
 }
 

src/core/operator.cc

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ bool OperatorObj::isConcatOp() const { return type == OpType::Concat; }
 
 bool OperatorObj::isComputeOp() const {
     return type == OpType::Conv || type == OpType::Matmul ||
-           type == OpType::ConvTrans || type == OpType::G2BMM ||
+           type == OpType::ConvTrans || type == OpType::ConvTransNHWC ||
-           type == OpType::GBMM;
+           type == OpType::G2BMM || type == OpType::GBMM;
 }
 
 bool OperatorObj::isTransposeOp() const { return type == OpType::Transpose; }
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ bool OperatorObj::checkValid(GraphObj *graph) {
     if (graph) { // if graph != nullptr, outputs should be created
         auto dataTypes = inferDataType();
         for (size_t i = 0; i < outputs.size(); i++) {
-            IT_ASSERT(!outputs[i]);
+            IT_ASSERT(!outputs[i], "Find empty output while operator creation");
             outputs[i] = graph->addTensor(shapes[i], dataTypes[i]);
         }
     } else { // if outputs have been created, check their shapes

src/core/tensor.cc

@@ -16,9 +16,16 @@ TensorObj::TensorObj(Shape shape_, DataType dtype, Runtime runtime)
                                   [](auto acc, auto x) { return acc * x; })) {}
 
 string TensorObj::toString() const {
+    // Convert data pointer to string
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    if (data != nullptr)
+        ss << data->getPtr<void *>();
+    else
+        ss << "nullptr data";
     string ret = "Tensor " + std::to_string(guid) + ", Fuid " +
                  std::to_string(fuid) + ", shape " + vecToString(shape) +
-                 ", dtype " + dtype.toString();
+                 ", dtype " + dtype.toString() + ", " + runtime->toString() +
+                 ", " + ss.str() + "\n";
     vector<UidBaseType> targetGuids;
     for (const auto &op : targets)
         targetGuids.emplace_back(op.lock()->getGuid());
@@ -57,25 +64,36 @@ vector<size_t> TensorObj::getStride() const {
 
 void TensorObj::printData() const {
     IT_ASSERT(data != nullptr);
-    if (!runtime->isCpu())
+    void *ptr = nullptr;
-        IT_TODO_HALT();
+    Blob buffer;
+    if (!runtime->isCpu()) {
+        buffer = NativeCpuRuntimeObj::getInstance()->allocBlob(getBytes());
+        runtime->copyBlobToCPU(buffer->getPtr<void *>(),
+                               getRawDataPtr<void *>(), getBytes());
+        ptr = buffer->getPtr<void *>();
+    } else
+        ptr = data->getPtr<float *>();
     if (dtype == DataType::Float32)
-        printDataFloat();
+        printDataFloat(static_cast<float *>(ptr));
     else if (dtype == DataType::UInt32)
-        printDataUint32_t();
+        printDataUint32_t(static_cast<uint32_t *>(ptr));
     else
         IT_TODO_HALT();
 }
 
-void TensorObj::printDataFloat() const {
+void TensorObj::printDataFloat(float *ptr) const {
     std::cout << "Tensor: " << guid << std::endl;
     auto numDims = shape.size();
     auto dimSzVec = std::vector<int>(numDims, 1);
-    auto ptr = data->getPtr<float *>();
     dimSzVec[numDims - 1] = shape[numDims - 1];
     for (int i = numDims - 1; i != 0; --i)
         dimSzVec[i - 1] = dimSzVec[i] * shape[i - 1];
     for (size_t i = 0, iEnd = size(); i < iEnd; ++i) {
+        if (iEnd > 1000 && i > 20 && i < iEnd - 20) {
+            printf("... , ");
+            i = iEnd - 20;
+            continue;
+        }
         for (size_t j = 0; j < numDims; ++j) {
             if (i % dimSzVec[j] == 0) {
                 std::cout << "[";
@@ -94,12 +112,11 @@ void TensorObj::printDataFloat() const {
     }
 }
 
-void TensorObj::printDataUint32_t() const {
+void TensorObj::printDataUint32_t(uint32_t *ptr) const {
     IT_ASSERT(data != nullptr);
     std::cout << "Tensor: " << guid << std::endl;
     auto numDims = shape.size();
     auto dimSzVec = std::vector<int>(numDims, 1);
-    auto ptr = data->getPtr<VType *>();
     dimSzVec[numDims - 1] = shape[numDims - 1];
     for (int i = numDims - 1; i != 0; --i)
         dimSzVec[i - 1] = dimSzVec[i] * shape[i - 1];
@@ -122,7 +139,7 @@ void TensorObj::printDataUint32_t() const {
     }
 }
 
-bool TensorObj::equalData(const Tensor &rhs) const {
+bool TensorObj::equalData(const Tensor &rhs, double relativeError) const {
     IT_ASSERT(data != nullptr);
     IT_ASSERT(rhs->data != nullptr);
     IT_ASSERT(getDType() == rhs->getDType());
@@ -132,10 +149,11 @@ bool TensorObj::equalData(const Tensor &rhs) const {
         return false;
     if (getDType() == DataType::UInt32)
         return equalDataImpl(getRawDataPtr<uint32_t *>(),
-                             rhs->getRawDataPtr<uint32_t *>(), size());
+                             rhs->getRawDataPtr<uint32_t *>(), size(), 0);
     else if (getDType() == DataType::Float32)
         return equalDataImpl(getRawDataPtr<float *>(),
-                             rhs->getRawDataPtr<float *>(), size());
+                             rhs->getRawDataPtr<float *>(), size(),
+                             relativeError);
     else
         IT_TODO_HALT();
 }

src/kernels/cuda/matmul.cc

@@ -50,10 +50,23 @@ class matmulCublas : public Kernel {
         // TODO:use compute type
         cublasStatus_t stat;
         if (b > 1) {
+            // Support batch broadcast with zero stride
+            int dimA = op->getInputs(0)->getDims().size();
+            int dimB = op->getInputs(1)->getDims().size();
+            long long strideA =
+                (dimA == 2 ||
+                 (dimA == 3 && op->getInputs(0)->getDims()[0] == 1))
+                    ? 0 // Broadcast the batch dimension if batch size is 1
+                    : m * k;
+            long long strideB =
+                (dimB == 2 ||
+                 (dimB == 3 && op->getInputs(1)->getDims()[0] == 1))
+                    ? 0 // Broadcast the batch dimension if batch size is 1
+                    : n * k;
             stat = cublasGemmStridedBatchedEx(
                 context->cublasHandle(), opB, opA, n, m, k, &alpha, inBData,
-                CUDA_R_32F, ldb, k * n, inAData, CUDA_R_32F, lda, m * k, &beta,
+                CUDA_R_32F, ldb, strideB, inAData, CUDA_R_32F, lda, strideA,
-                outData, CUDA_R_32F, ldc, m * n, b, CUDA_R_32F,
+                &beta, outData, CUDA_R_32F, ldc, m * n, b, CUDA_R_32F,
                 (cublasGemmAlgo_t)record->algo);
         } else {
             stat = cublasGemmEx(
@@ -61,6 +74,8 @@ class matmulCublas : public Kernel {
                 CUDA_R_32F, ldb, inAData, CUDA_R_32F, lda, &beta, outData,
                 CUDA_R_32F, ldc, CUDA_R_32F, (cublasGemmAlgo_t)record->algo);
         }
+        // if (stat != CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS)
+        //     cout << cublasGetErrorString(stat);
         return (stat == CUBLAS_STATUS_SUCCESS);
     }
 
@@ -79,6 +94,8 @@ class matmulCublas : public Kernel {
                     const RuntimeObj *_context) const override {
         auto context = dynamic_cast<const CudaRuntimeObj *>(_context);
         auto op = as<MatmulObj>(_op);
+        IT_ASSERT(context);
+        IT_ASSERT(op);
         auto ret = make_ref<MatmulCublasPerfRecordObj>();
         ret->time = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
         for (int i = 0; i < N_ALGO; i++) {
@@ -91,9 +108,8 @@ class matmulCublas : public Kernel {
             if (rcd->time < ret->time)
                 ret = rcd;
         }
-        IT_ASSERT(ret->time < std::numeric_limits<double>::max(), "No valid "
+        IT_ASSERT(ret->time < std::numeric_limits<double>::max(),
-                                                                  "algorithm "
+                  "No valid algorithm found for " + op->toString());
-                                                                  "found");
         return ret;
     }
 };

src/kernels/cuda/membound_tvm_extract_source.cc

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
+#ifdef INFINI_USE_TVM
 #include "core/kernel.h"
 #include "cuda/cuda_runtime.h"
 #include "ffi/ffi_embed.h"
 #include "nnet/Visitor/AsTVMVisitor.h"
+#include "nnet/Visitor/CheckOOBVisitor.h"
+#include "nnet/Visitor/HashVisitor.h"
+#include "nnet/Visitor/MergeMemboundMutator.h"
 #include "nvrtc.h"
 #include "operators/membound.h"
 #include "operators/pooling.h"
@@ -17,11 +21,12 @@ class TVMRecordObj : public PerfRecordObj {
     std::string log, ptx;
     std::vector<int> invokeParams;
     std::string kernelName;
+    HashType simplifiedExprHash;
 };
 
 using TVMRecord = Ref<TVMRecordObj>;
 
-class MemboundTVM : public Kernel {
+class MemboundTVMExtractSource : public Kernel {
   public:
     void compute(const Operator &_op, const PerfRecord &record,
                  const RuntimeObj *_context) const override {
@@ -65,6 +70,11 @@ class MemboundTVM : public Kernel {
         return "var_" + std::to_string(t->getGuid());
     }
 
+    bool checkOOB(nnet::Expr expr) const {
+        return nnet::CheckOOBVisitor().checkRangeOp(
+            nnet::as<nnet::RangeOpNode>(expr));
+    }
+
     // Premise: op is idempotent since it is called multiple times.
     PerfRecord tune(const Operator &_op,
                     const RuntimeObj *_context) const override {
@@ -73,10 +83,18 @@ class MemboundTVM : public Kernel {
         auto context = dynamic_cast<const CudaRuntimeObj *>(_context);
 
         // invoke Ansor to tune a membound kernel
-        std::string func = "mem_bound_" + std::to_string(op->getGuid());
-        std::string kernelName = func + "_kernel0";
         nnet::AsTVMVisitor visitor;
-        visitor.dispatch(op->getNnetExpr());
+        IT_ASSERT(!checkOOB(op->getNnetExpr()));
+        // fuse stages in nnet expr to reduce kernels generated by TVM
+        auto expr = op->getNnetExpr();
+        if (auto mergedExpr =
+                nnet::MergeMemboundMutator({expr}).merge(false, true))
+            expr = mergedExpr;
+
+        nnet::HashVisitor hashVisitor;
+        HashType hashCode = hashVisitor.getHash(expr);
+
+        visitor.dispatch(expr);
         auto &&stmts = visitor.getStmts();
         auto &&inShapes = visitor.getInputShapes();
         auto &&outShape = visitor.getOutputShape();
@@ -85,10 +103,14 @@ class MemboundTVM : public Kernel {
         for (auto &&in : op->getInputs()) {
             inputs.emplace_back(getVarName(in));
         }
-        std::string output = getVarName(op->getOutput());
+        const std::string output = getVarName(op->getOutput());
+
+        const std::string func = "membound_" + std::to_string(hashCode);
+        const std::string kernelName = func + "_kernel0";
         auto res = getAnsorCode(
             inShapes, std::vector<std::string>(inShapes.size(), "float32"),
-            outShape, "float32", stmts, func, inputs, output);
+            outShape, "float32", stmts, func, inputs, output, op->toString(),
+            expr->toReadable(), hashCode);
 
         // compile the kernel
         auto funcCode = res.first;
@@ -119,6 +141,7 @@ class MemboundTVM : public Kernel {
         nvrtcGetPTX(prog, ret->ptx.data());
         ret->invokeParams = invokeParams;
         ret->kernelName = kernelName;
+        ret->simplifiedExprHash = hashCode;
 
         // prepare for evaluation
         CUmodule module;
@@ -151,20 +174,43 @@ class MemboundTVM : public Kernel {
         return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<PerfRecordObj>(ret);
     }
 
+    /// @brief
+    /// @param inDims
+    /// @param inDTypes
+    /// @param outDims
+    /// @param outDType
+    /// @param lambda
+    /// @param funcName Generated function name
+    /// @param inputNames Input array names in the generated invocation code.
+    /// @param outputName Output array names in the generated invocation code.
+    /// @param nnetExpressionString Save expr in string for logging.
+    /// @param nnetSimplifiedExprString Save simplified expr in string for
+    /// logging.
+    /// @param hashCode (optional) Hash code of the input expression for kernel
+    /// cache.
+    /// @return
     std::pair<std::string, std::vector<int>>
     getAnsorCode(const std::vector<std::vector<int>> &inDims,
                  const std::vector<std::string> &inDTypes,
                  const std::vector<int> &outDims, const std::string &outDType,
                  const std::string &lambda, const std::string &funcName,
                  const std::vector<std::string> &inputNames,
-                 const std::string &outputName) const {
+                 const std::string &outputName,
+                 const std::string &nnetExprString,
+                 const std::string &nnetSimplifiedExprString,
+                 const HashType hashCode) const {
         std::string funcCode;
         std::vector<int> invokeParams;
         try {
             start_interpreter();
-            auto func = py::module::import("cpp_plugin").attr("gen_ansor_op");
+            // Use static to avoid re-importing the module. Re-importing results
-            py::tuple code = func(inDims, inDTypes, outDims, outDType, lambda,
+            // in cuBLAS failure, whose root cause is not identified yet.
-                                  funcName, inputNames, outputName);
+            static auto func =
+                py::module::import("cpp_plugin").attr("gen_ansor_op");
+            py::tuple code =
+                func(inDims, inDTypes, outDims, outDType, lambda, funcName,
+                     inputNames, outputName, nnetExprString,
+                     nnetSimplifiedExprString, std::to_string(hashCode));
             funcCode = py::str(code[0]);
             auto temp = py::list(code[3]);
             for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) {
@@ -183,6 +229,9 @@ class MemboundTVM : public Kernel {
     }
 };
 
-REGISTER_KERNEL(Device::CUDA, OpType::MemBound, DataType::Float32, MemboundTVM,
+// REGISTER_KERNEL(Device::CUDA, OpType::MemBound, DataType::Float32,
-                "Memobund_TVM_Ansor");
+// MemboundTVMExtractSource,
+//                 "Memobund_TVM_Ansor_extract_source");
 }; // namespace infini
+
+#endif

src/kernels/cuda/membound_tvm_packed_function.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+#ifdef INFINI_USE_TVM
+#include "core/kernel.h"
+#include "cuda/cuda_runtime.h"
+#include "dlpack/dlpack.h"
+#include "ffi/ffi_embed.h"
+#include "nnet/Visitor/AsTVMVisitor.h"
+#include "operators/membound.h"
+#include "operators/pooling.h"
+#include "tvm/runtime/module.h"
+#include "tvm/runtime/packed_func.h"
+
+namespace py = pybind11;
+
+namespace infini {
+
+using DLTensorHolder = pair<DLTensor, Ref<vector<int64_t>>>;
+
+class TVMRecordObj : public PerfRecordObj {
+  public:
+    std::string kernelName;
+    HashType simplifiedExprHash;
+    std::string dllPath;
+    std::string funcName;
+    std::vector<int> inputIdx;
+};
+
+using TVMRecord = Ref<TVMRecordObj>;
+
+class MemboundTVMPackedFunction : public Kernel {
+  public:
+    void compute(const Operator &_op, const PerfRecord &record,
+                 const RuntimeObj *_context) const override {
+        auto op = as<MemBoundObj>(_op);
+        // auto context = dynamic_cast<const CudaRuntimeObj *>(_context);
+        auto tvmRecord = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<TVMRecordObj>(record);
+        tvm::runtime::PackedFunc packedFunc =
+            getPackedFunction(tvmRecord->dllPath, tvmRecord->funcName);
+        IT_ASSERT(packedFunc != nullptr);
+
+        // prepare inputs and outputs
+        vector<DLTensorHolder> inputsHolder;
+        for (auto idx : tvmRecord->inputIdx) {
+            inputsHolder.emplace_back(
+                convertTensorToDLTensor(op->getInputs()[idx]));
+        }
+        DLTensorHolder outputHolder = convertTensorToDLTensor(op->getOutput());
+
+        // make tvm arg and rv
+        pair<vector<TVMValue>, vector<int>> preArgs =
+            convertInOutToTVMArgs(inputsHolder, outputHolder);
+        tvm::runtime::TVMRetValue rv;
+        tvm::runtime::TVMArgs args(preArgs.first.data(), preArgs.second.data(),
+                                   preArgs.first.size());
+
+        packedFunc.CallPacked(args, &rv);
+    }
+
+    void compute(const Operator &_op,
+                 const RuntimeObj *_context) const override {
+        IT_ASSERT(false, "A TVM record is required for membound kernel.");
+    }
+
+    // Premise: op is idempotent since it is called multiple times.
+    PerfRecord tune(const Operator &_op,
+                    const RuntimeObj *_context) const override {
+        TVMRecord ret = std::make_shared<TVMRecordObj>();
+        auto op = as<MemBoundObj>(_op);
+        auto context = dynamic_cast<const CudaRuntimeObj *>(_context);
+
+        // invoke Ansor to tune a membound kernel
+        auto [expr, hash] = op->getSimplifiedNnetExpr();
+        nnet::AsTVMVisitor visitor;
+        visitor.dispatch(expr);
+        auto &&stmts = visitor.getStmts();
+        auto &&inShapes = visitor.getInputShapes();
+        auto &&outShape = visitor.getOutputShape();
+
+        const std::string func = "membound_" + std::to_string(hash);
+        const std::string kernelName = func + "_kernel0";
+        // Set the dllPath directly when debugging
+        auto dllPath = getAnsorDLL(
+            inShapes, std::vector<std::string>(inShapes.size(), "float32"),
+            outShape, "float32", stmts, func, op->toString(),
+            expr->toReadable(), hash);
+
+        // remap input
+        vector<int> inputIdx;
+        int numInputs = op->getInputs().size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numInputs; ++i) {
+            string inputName = visitor.getInputs()[i];
+            int j = 0;
+            for (; j < numInputs; ++j) {
+                if (inputName == op->getNnetInputs()[j]->getName())
+                    break;
+            }
+            inputIdx.emplace_back(j);
+        }
+
+        tvm::runtime::PackedFunc packedFunc = getPackedFunction(dllPath, func);
+        IT_ASSERT(packedFunc != nullptr);
+
+        // prepare inputs and outputs
+        vector<DLTensorHolder> inputsHolder;
+        for (auto idx : inputIdx) {
+            inputsHolder.emplace_back(
+                convertTensorToDLTensor(op->getInputs()[idx]));
+        }
+        DLTensorHolder outputHolder = convertTensorToDLTensor(op->getOutput());
+
+        // make tvm arg and rv
+        pair<vector<TVMValue>, vector<int>> preArgs =
+            convertInOutToTVMArgs(inputsHolder, outputHolder);
+        tvm::runtime::TVMRetValue rv;
+        tvm::runtime::TVMArgs args(preArgs.first.data(), preArgs.second.data(),
+                                   preArgs.first.size());
+
+        ret->time = timeit([&]() { packedFunc.CallPacked(args, &rv); },
+                           [&]() { context->sync(); });
+        ret->kernelName = kernelName;
+        ret->dllPath = dllPath;
+        ret->funcName = func;
+        ret->inputIdx = inputIdx;
+
+        return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<PerfRecordObj>(ret);
+    }
+
+    /// @brief
+    /// @param inDims
+    /// @param inDTypes
+    /// @param outDims
+    /// @param outDType
+    /// @param lambda
+    /// @param funcName Generated function name
+    /// @param nnetExpressionString Save expr in string for logging.
+    /// @param nnetSimplifiedExprString Save simplified expr in string for
+    /// logging.
+    /// @param hashCode (optional) Hash code of the input expression for kernel
+    /// cache.
+    /// @return
+    std::string getAnsorDLL(const std::vector<std::vector<int>> &inDims,
+                            const std::vector<std::string> &inDTypes,
+                            const std::vector<int> &outDims,
+                            const std::string &outDType,
+                            const std::string &lambda,
+                            const std::string &funcName,
+                            const std::string &nnetExprString,
+                            const std::string &nnetSimplifiedExprString,
+                            const HashType hashCode) const {
+        std::string dllPath;
+        try {
+            start_interpreter();
+            // Use static to avoid re-importing the module. Re-importing results
+            // in cuBLAS failure, whose root cause is not identified yet.
+            static auto func =
+                py::module::import("cpp_plugin").attr("gen_ansor_so");
+            py::tuple code =
+                func(inDims, inDTypes, outDims, outDType, lambda, funcName,
+                     nnetExprString, nnetSimplifiedExprString,
+                     std::to_string(hashCode));
+            dllPath = py::str(code[0]);
+        } catch (py::error_already_set &e) {
+            if (e.matches(PyExc_ImportError)) {
+                std::cerr << "Import Error. Don't forget to set environment "
+                             "variable PYTHONPATH to contain "
+                             "<repo-root>/python"
+                          << std::endl;
+            }
+            throw;
+        }
+
+        return dllPath;
+    }
+
+    tvm::runtime::PackedFunc getPackedFunction(string path,
+                                               string functionName) const {
+        tvm::runtime::Module mod = tvm::runtime::Module::LoadFromFile(path);
+        return mod.GetFunction(functionName);
+    }
+
+    DLTensorHolder convertTensorToDLTensor(const Tensor &tensor) const {
+        IT_ASSERT(tensor->getRuntime()->isCuda());
+        // The lifecycle of shapeInt64 is managed by the caller.
+        auto shapeInt64 = make_ref<vector<int64_t>>();
+        for (auto v : tensor->getDims())
+            shapeInt64->push_back(v);
+        DLTensor ret{
+            .data = tensor->getRawDataPtr<void *>(),
+            .device = DLDevice{.device_type = kDLCUDA, .device_id = 0},
+            .ndim = (int32_t)shapeInt64->size(),
+            .dtype =
+                DLDataType{.code = (uint8_t)kDLFloat, .bits = 32, .lanes = 1},
+            .shape = static_cast<int64_t *>(shapeInt64->data()),
+            .strides = nullptr,
+            .byte_offset = 0,
+        };
+        return {ret, shapeInt64};
+    }
+
+    pair<vector<TVMValue>, vector<int>>
+    convertInOutToTVMArgs(const vector<DLTensorHolder> &inputs,
+                          const DLTensorHolder &output) const {
+        vector<TVMValue> values;
+        vector<int> type_codes;
+
+        // The order of inputs and outputs is consistant with definition of TVM
+        // computation in Python, which is determined by AsTVMVisitor.
+        values.emplace_back(TVMValue{.v_handle = (void *)&output.first});
+        type_codes.emplace_back(kTVMDLTensorHandle);
+
+        for (auto &in : inputs) {
+            values.emplace_back(TVMValue{.v_handle = (void *)&in.first});
+            type_codes.emplace_back(kTVMDLTensorHandle);
+        }
+
+        return {values, type_codes};
+    }
+};
+
+REGISTER_KERNEL(Device::CUDA, OpType::MemBound, DataType::Float32,
+                MemboundTVMPackedFunction,
+                "Memobund_TVM_Ansor_packed_funciton");
+}; // namespace infini
+
+#endif

src/nnet/Visitor/AsTVMVisitor.cc

@@ -27,13 +27,16 @@ std::string AsTVMVisitor::visit_(const BinaryOp &c) {
     }
 }
 std::string AsTVMVisitor::visit_(const Func &c) {
+    string nested = dispatch(c->getObject());
     switch (c->getFuncType()) {
     case FuncType::Relu:
         // TODO: Deduce the dtype
-        return "te.max(" + dispatch(c->getObject()) +
+        return "te.max(" + nested + ", tvm.tir.const(0, 'float32'))";
-               ", tvm.tir.const(0, 'float32'))";
     case FuncType::Tanh:
-        return "te.tanh(" + dispatch(c->getObject()) + ")";
+        return "te.tanh(" + nested + ")";
+    case FuncType::PRelu:
+        return "tir.if_then_else(0.0 < " + nested + ", " + nested +
+               ", (0.25 * " + nested + "))";
     default:
         assert(false);
     }
@@ -114,6 +117,11 @@ std::string AsTVMVisitor::visit_(const Subscript &c) {
             str += " - " +
                    std::to_string(rangeOp->getLoopVarRanges()[i].second.first -
                                   rangeOp->getPaddings(i));
+        } else if (c->getObject()->getType() == NodeType::TensorNodeType) {
+            auto tensor = as<TensorNode>(c->getObject());
+            if (auto pad_i = tensor->getPadding(i); pad_i > 0) {
+                str += " + " + std::to_string(pad_i);
+            }
         }
     }
     str += "]";
@@ -138,6 +146,24 @@ std::string AsTVMVisitor::visit_(const Tensor &c) {
     }
     stmt += "), name='" + c->getName() + "')";
     stmts += stmt + "\n";
+
+    if (c->hasPadding()) {
+        std::string name_after_pad = "pad_" + c->getName();
+        pythonVars.emplace_back(name_after_pad);
+        // inputs.emplace_back(name_after_pad);
+        std::string pad_tuple = "(";
+        for (auto pad : c->getPaddings()) {
+            pad_tuple += std::to_string(pad) + ", ";
+        }
+        pad_tuple += ")";
+
+        std::string pad_stmt = name_after_pad + " = " + "topi.nn.pad(" +
+                               c->getName() + ", " + pad_tuple + ", " +
+                               pad_tuple + ", 0.0, \"" + name_after_pad + "\")";
+        stmts += pad_stmt + "\n";
+        return name_after_pad;
+    }
+
     return c->getName();
 }
 std::string AsTVMVisitor::getStmts() const {

src/nnet/Visitor/MergeMemboundMutator.cc

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 namespace nnet {
 
-Expr MergeMemboundMutator::merge(bool allowEmptyMembound) {
+Expr MergeMemboundMutator::merge(bool allowEmptyMembound, bool allowFailure) {
     // FIXME: fix empty expression in membound
     assert(kernels.size() >= 1);
     if (checkEmpty()) {
@@ -27,20 +27,31 @@ Expr MergeMemboundMutator::merge(bool allowEmptyMembound) {
             assert(CheckOOBVisitor().checkRangeOp(curRangeOp) == false);
             auto summand = curRangeOp->getSummand();
             if (auto subscriptOp = as<SubscriptNode>(summand)) {
+                // Try merging the current and next stages
                 if (auto mergedExpr = rule4StageMerging(*curExpr, true)) {
                     // dbg(*curExpr, mergedExpr);
                     *curExpr = mergedExpr;
                     merged = true;
                     break;
                 }
+                // If merging fails, try the next stage
                 curExpr = subscriptOp->getObjectPtr();
                 nnet_assert(*curExpr != nullptr, __LINE__);
             } else if (auto funcOp = as<FuncNode>(summand)) {
-                // Relu({...}[i,j])
+                // If the object of FuncNode is a subscript, like
-                curExpr = funcOp->getObject()->getObjectPtr();
+                // Relu({...}[i,j]), we can further merge it. Otherwise, like
-            } else
+                // Relu(A[i]+B[j]), we cannot.
+                if (auto sub = as<SubscriptNode>(funcOp->getObject()))
+                    curExpr = sub->getObjectPtr();
+                else
+                    break;
+            } else {
+                if (allowFailure)
+                    return nullptr;
+                else
                     nnet_unimplemented_halt();
             }
+        }
     } while (merged);
     return expr;
 }

src/nnet/Visitor/hashVisitor.cc

@@ -153,4 +153,11 @@ HashType HashVisitor::visit_(const Var &c) {
     return varHash[c];
 }
 
+HashType HashVisitor::visit_(const Func &c) {
+    HashType objHash = dispatch(c->getObject());
+    return hash(binPrefix,
+                hash((((HashType)c->getFuncType()) + 10086), objHash));
+    return 0;
+}
+
 } // namespace nnet

src/nnet/expr.cc

@@ -90,6 +90,14 @@ size_t TensorNode::getOffset(const vector<int> &idx) {
     return offset;
 }
 
+bool TensorNode::hasPadding() {
+    for (auto pad : paddings) {
+        if (pad > 0)
+            return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 string RangeOpNode::toReadable() const {
     string ret;
     for (int i = 0; i < IterationType::NumIterationType; ++i) {
@@ -264,10 +272,15 @@ string FuncNode::toReadable() const {
         ret += "Relu";
     else if (funcType == FuncType::Tanh)
         ret += "Tanh";
+    else if (funcType == FuncType::PRelu)
+        ret += "PRelu";
     else
         nnet_unimplemented_halt();
-    ret += "(  ...  " + serializeVec(object->getIndex()) + ")\n    {" +
+    if (auto sub = as<SubscriptNode>(object))
-           object->getObject()->toReadable() + "}";
+        ret += "(  ...  " + serializeVec(sub->getIndex()) + ")\n    {" +
+               sub->getObject()->toReadable() + "}";
+    else
+        ret += "(" + object->toReadable() + ")";
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -380,6 +393,7 @@ int64_t TensorNode::getSize() const {
         size *= len;
     return size;
 }
+
 int RangeOpNode::getPaddings(int dim) const {
     return dim < (int)paddings.size() ? paddings[dim] : 0;
 }
@@ -445,8 +459,8 @@ vector<Range> RangeOpNode::getOutputRanges() const {
 }
 
 void FuncNode::setObject(Expr e) {
-    object = as<SubscriptNode>(e);
+    nnet_assert(e->isScalar(), "FuncNode operates on scalars");
-    nnet_assert(object, "Illegal subscripted object");
+    object = e;
 }
 
 } // namespace nnet

src/nnet/iterator_table.cc

@@ -574,7 +574,8 @@ Expr ConvTransPattern::getExpr(Tensor A, Tensor K, int N, int C, int H, int W,
 
     auto subA = makeSubscript(A, {n, x1 + r - 1, y1 + s - 1, f});
     auto subK =
-        makeSubscript(K, {(R - 2) - 2 * r + x2, (S - 2) - 2 * s + y2, f, c});
+        // makeSubscript(K, {(R - 2) - 2 * r + x2, (S - 2) - 2 * s + y2, f, c});
+        makeSubscript(K, {f, (R - 2) - 2 * r + x2, (S - 2) - 2 * s + y2, c});
     // x1=(h+1)//2, x2=(h+1)%2, y1=(w+1)//2
 
     auto range1 = makeRangeOperator(

src/nnet/nmutator.cc

@@ -7,15 +7,18 @@
 #include "operators/conv.h"
 #include "operators/matmul.h"
 #include "operators/membound.h"
+#include "operators/reshape.h"
 
 namespace infini {
 
 NMutator::NMutator(Mode mode) : Mutator(10), mode{mode} {
-    IT_ASSERT(mode != Mode::RuleBased, "Use RuleBased in the other ctor.");
+    IT_ASSERT(mode != Mode::RuleBased, "Specify rules for the RuleBased mode.");
 }
 
-NMutator::NMutator(const std::vector<int> &derivationRules)
+NMutator::NMutator(Mode mode, const std::vector<int> &derivationRules)
-    : Mutator(10), mode{Mode::RuleBased}, derivationRules{derivationRules} {}
+    : Mutator(10), mode{Mode::RuleBased}, derivationRules{derivationRules} {
+    IT_ASSERT(mode == Mode::RuleBased);
+}
 
 NMutator::~NMutator() {}
 
@@ -69,9 +72,10 @@ void NMutator::runSingleOpToNaiveMembound(Graph in_graph,
 }
 
 void NMutator::runSingleOp(Graph in_graph, std::vector<Graph> &out_graphs) {
-    IT_TODO_HALT();
+    OpVec computeOps = in_graph->getComputeOps();
-    // OpVec computeOps = in_graph->getComputeOps();
+    IT_ASSERT(computeOps.size() == 1);
-    // if (infini::Graph g = transformTConv1x1(computeOps[0])) {
+
+    /* if (infini::Graph g = transformTConv1x1(computeOps[0])) {
     //     out_graphs.emplace_back(g);
     //     return;
     // }
@@ -95,39 +99,40 @@ void NMutator::runSingleOp(Graph in_graph, std::vector<Graph> &out_graphs) {
     // //     out_graphs.emplace_back(graph);
     // //     return;
     // // }
+    */
 
-    // auto expr = opToExpression(computeOps[0]);
+    auto expr = opToExpression(computeOps[0]);
-    // if (!expr)
+    if (!expr)
-    //     return;
+        return;
 
-    // nnet::Derivator derivator(maxDepth);
+    nnet::Derivator derivator(maxDepth);
-    // nnet::Formula conv_9x9(expr, 0);
+    nnet::Formula conv_9x9(expr, 0);
-    // // const std::vector<int> rules{3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 8, 8, 6, 91, 90}; //
+    // const std::vector<int> rules{3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 8, 8, 6, 91, 90};
-    // Tconv
+    // ConvTraspose
-    // // const std::vector<int> rules{1, 7, 7, 2, 8, 6, 6}; // G2BMM
+    // const std::vector<int> rules{1, 7, 7, 2, 8, 6, 6}; // G2BMM
-    // if (mode == Mode::Normal) {
+    if (mode == Mode::Normal) {
-    //     derivator.search(conv_9x9, 0);
+        derivator.search(conv_9x9, 0);
-    // } else if (mode == Mode::RuleBased) {
+    } else if (mode == Mode::RuleBased) {
-    //     dbg(derivationRules);
+        dbg(derivationRules);
-    //     derivator.ruleBasedDFS(conv_9x9, 0, derivationRules);
+        derivator.ruleBasedDFS(conv_9x9, 0, derivationRules);
-    // } else
+    } else
-    //     nnet_assert(0, "Unknown mode");
+        IT_TODO_HALT_MSG("Unknown NMutator search mode.");
-    // const auto &candidates = derivator.getCandidates();
+    const auto &candidates = derivator.getCandidates();
-    // dbg(candidates.size());
+    dbg(candidates.size());
-    // // derivator.print();
+    // derivator.print();
-    // for (const auto &candidate : candidates) {
+    for (const auto &candidate : candidates) {
-    //     // dbg(nnet::FullPrinterVisitor().print(candidate.root));
+        // dbg(nnet::FullPrinterVisitor().print(candidate.root));
-    //     if (auto g = expressionToGraph(candidate.root, in_graph)) {
+        if (auto g = expressionToGraph(candidate.root, in_graph)) {
-    //         out_graphs.emplace_back(g);
+            out_graphs.emplace_back(g);
+        }
+        // break; // HACK:Debug only for the first subgraph
+    }
+    // dbg(out_graphs);
+    // for (auto graph : out_graphs) {
+    //     graph->print();
     // }
-    //     // break; // HACK:Debug only for the first subgraph
+    cntStates += derivator.getNumIntermediateStates();
-    // }
+    cntCandidates += derivator.getNumCandidates();
-    // // dbg(out_graphs);
-    // // for (auto graph : out_graphs) {
-    // //     graph->print();
-    // // }
-    // cntStates += derivator.getNumIntermediateStates();
-    // cntCandidates += derivator.getNumCandidates();
 }
 
 void NMutator::runMultipleOps(Graph in_graph, std::vector<Graph> &out_graphs) {
@@ -245,7 +250,7 @@ nnet::Expr NMutator::opToExpression(Operator op) {
                                         std::vector<int>{0, 0, ph, pw});
         const auto K = nnet::makeTensor("K", KT->getDims());
         return nnet::ConvPattern::getExpr(A, K, n, c, h, w, f, r, s);
-    } else if (auto convOp = as<ConvTransposed2dObj>(op)) {
+    } else if (auto convOp = as<ConvTransposed2dNHWCObj>(op)) {
         const auto &AT = convOp->getInputs()[0];
         const auto &KT = convOp->getInputs()[1];
         inputsNameNToTensorT["A"] = AT;
@@ -304,77 +309,97 @@ nnet::Expr NMutator::opToExpression(Operator op) {
 }
 
 infini::Graph NMutator::expressionToGraph(nnet::Expr expr, Graph in_graph) {
-    IT_TODO_HALT();
+    auto g = make_ref<GraphObj>(runtime);
-    // auto g = make_ref<GraphObj>();
+    nnet::FullPrinterVisitor fullVisitor;
-    // nnet::FullPrinterVisitor fullVisitor;
+    // Get tensors in the reversed topological order
-    // const auto &tensorQueueN = fullVisitor.traverse(expr);
+    const auto &tensorQueueN = fullVisitor.traverse(expr);
-    // // Build tensors: Skip the first one, which is output
+    dbg(fullVisitor.print(expr));
-    // auto nameNToTensorT = inputsNameNToTensorT;
+
-    // for (size_t i = 1; i < tensorQueueN.size(); ++i) {
+    // Build a map: name in nnet -> tensors in infini
-    //     const auto &[nameN, routineN, tensorN] = tensorQueueN[i];
+    // Add input tensors to the map
-    //     // dbg(nameN, routineN, tensorN);
+    std::map<std::string, Tensor> nameNToTensorT;
-    //     if (!routineN) {
+    for (const auto &[k, v] : inputsNameNToTensorT)
-    //         // This is an inputs
+        nameNToTensorT[k] = g->cloneTensor(v);
-    //         assert(nameNToTensorT.count(nameN));
+
-    //     } else {
+    // Add output tensors to the map
-    //         assert(!nameNToTensorT.count(nameN));
+    const auto &outputsT = in_graph->getOutputs();
-    //         nameNToTensorT[nameN] = g->addTensor(tensorN->getShape());
+    if (outputsT.size() != 1) {
-    //     }
+        nnet_unimplemented_continue();
-    // }
+        return nullptr;
-    // const auto &outputsPET = in_graph->getOutputs();
+    }
-    // if (outputsPET.size() != 1) {
+    nameNToTensorT[std::get<0>(tensorQueueN.at(0))] =
-    //     nnet_unimplemented_continue();
+        g->cloneTensor(outputsT[0]);
-    //     return nullptr;
+    // Skip the first tensor, which is output and should be created by clone
-    // }
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < tensorQueueN.size(); ++i) {
-    // nameNToTensorT[std::get<0>(tensorQueueN.at(0))] = outputsPET[0];
+        const auto &[nameN, routineN, tensorN] = tensorQueueN[i];
-    // // Build computation graph in PET:
+        // dbg(nameN, routineN, tensorN);
-    // for (int i = tensorQueueN.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+        if (!routineN) {
-    //     const auto &[outputNameN, routineN, tensorN] = tensorQueueN[i];
+            // this tensor is an input as it is not contrusted by a routine
-    //     if (!routineN)
+            IT_ASSERT(nameNToTensorT.count(nameN),
-    //         continue;
+                      "Missing an input tensor in graph or a rountine for this "
-    //     // dbg(outputNameN, routineN, tensorN, routineN->getType());
+                      "tensor.");
-    //     if (auto op = nnet::as<nnet::ConvNode>(routineN)) {
+        } else { // this tensor is an intermediate result
-    //         // g->conv(i8, w9, 2, 2);
+            IT_ASSERT(!nameNToTensorT.count(nameN),
-    //         std::vector<nnet::Tensor> inputsN = op->getInputs();
+                      "An NNET tensor appears twice or it is an input tensor "
-    //         auto A = nameNToTensorT.at(inputsN[0]->getName());
+                      "with routine specified.");
-    //         auto K = nameNToTensorT.at(inputsN[1]->getName());
+            nameNToTensorT[nameN] = g->addTensor(tensorN->getShape());
-    //         auto output = nameNToTensorT.at(outputNameN);
+        }
-    //         const auto &[ph, pw, sh, sw, dh, dw] = op->getArgs();
+    }
-    //         g->conv(A, K, output, ph, pw, sh, sw, dh, dw);
+
-    //     } else if (auto op = nnet::as<nnet::ElementWiseNode>(routineN)) {
+    // Build computation graph in InfiniTensor
-    //         assert(op->getInputs().size() == 1);
+    for (int i = tensorQueueN.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-    //         nnet::MatchReshapeVisitor matchReshapeVisitor;
+        const auto &[outputNameN, routineN, tensorN] = tensorQueueN[i];
-    //         if (matchReshapeVisitor(op->getExpr())) {
+        if (!routineN)
-    //             auto input =
+            continue;
-    //                 nameNToTensorT.at(op->getInputs().at(0)->getName());
+        // dbg(outputNameN, routineN, tensorN, routineN->getType());
-    //             auto output = nameNToTensorT.at(outputNameN);
+        if (auto op = nnet::as<nnet::ConvNode>(routineN)) {
-    //             g->reshape(input, output);
+            std::vector<nnet::Tensor> inputsN = op->getInputs();
-    //         } else {
+            auto A = nameNToTensorT.at(inputsN[0]->getName());
-    //             TensorVec inputsPET;
+            auto K = nameNToTensorT.at(inputsN[1]->getName());
-    //             TensorVec outputsPET = {nameNToTensorT.at(outputNameN)};
+            auto output = nameNToTensorT.at(outputNameN);
-    //             for (const auto &inputN : op->getInputs())
+            const auto &[ph, pw, sh, sw, dh, dw] = op->getArgs();
-    //                 inputsPET.emplace_back(
+            g->addOpWithOutputs<ConvObj>(A, K, output, ph, pw, sh, sw, dh, dw);
-    //                     nameNToTensorT.at(inputN->getName()));
+        } else if (auto op = nnet::as<nnet::ElementWiseNode>(routineN)) {
-    //             // Re-estimate time here.
+            assert(op->getInputs().size() == 1);
-    //             ssize_t cnt = 0;
+            nnet::MatchReshapeVisitor matchReshapeVisitor;
-    //             for (const auto tensor : inputsPET)
+            // If this routine only change the shape, translate it to a Reshape
-    //                 cnt += tensor->size();
+            if (matchReshapeVisitor(op->getExpr())) {
-    //             for (const auto tensor : outputsPET)
+                auto input =
-    //                 cnt += tensor->size();
+                    nameNToTensorT.at(op->getInputs().at(0)->getName());
-    //             g->membound(inputsPET, outputsPET, op->getInputs(),
+                auto output = nameNToTensorT.at(outputNameN);
-    //                         op->getExpr(), memboundTime(cnt));
+                g->addOpWithOutputs<ReshapeObj>(input, output,
-    //         }
+                                                output->getDims());
-    //     } else if (auto op = nnet::as<nnet::MatmulNode>(routineN)) {
+            } else {
-    //         assert(op->getInputs().size() == 2);
+                TensorVec inputsPET;
-    //         nnet::Tensor AN = op->getInputs()[0];
+                TensorVec outputsPET = {nameNToTensorT.at(outputNameN)};
-    //         nnet::Tensor BN = op->getInputs()[1];
+                for (const auto &inputN : op->getInputs())
-    //         TensorVec inputsPET = {nameNToTensorT.at(AN->getName()),
+                    inputsPET.emplace_back(
-    //                                nameNToTensorT.at(BN->getName())};
+                        nameNToTensorT.at(inputN->getName()));
-    //         TensorVec outputsPET = {nameNToTensorT.at(outputNameN)};
+                // Re-estimate time here.
-    //         const auto &[b, m, n, k, transa, transb] = op->getArgs();
+                ssize_t cnt = 0;
-    //         g->matmul(inputsPET[0], inputsPET[1], outputsPET[0], transa,
+                for (const auto &tensor : inputsPET)
-    //                   transb);
+                    cnt += tensor->size();
-    //     } else if (auto op = nnet::as<nnet::G2bmmNode>(routineN)) {
+                for (const auto &tensor : outputsPET)
+                    cnt += tensor->size();
+                dbg(inputsPET, outputsPET, op->getInputs(), op->getExpr(),
+                    memboundTime(cnt));
+                g->addOpWithOutputs<MemBoundObj>(inputsPET, outputsPET,
+                                                 op->getInputs(), op->getExpr(),
+                                                 memboundTime(cnt));
+            }
+        } else if (auto op = nnet::as<nnet::MatmulNode>(routineN)) {
+            assert(op->getInputs().size() == 2);
+            nnet::Tensor AN = op->getInputs()[0];
+            nnet::Tensor BN = op->getInputs()[1];
+            TensorVec inputsPET = {nameNToTensorT.at(AN->getName()),
+                                   nameNToTensorT.at(BN->getName())};
+            TensorVec outputsPET = {nameNToTensorT.at(outputNameN)};
+            const auto &[b, m, n, k, transa, transb] = op->getArgs();
+            g->addOpWithOutputs<MatmulObj>(inputsPET[0], inputsPET[1],
+                                           outputsPET[0], transa, transb);
+        }
+        // TODO
+        // else if (auto op = nnet::as<nnet::G2bmmNode>(routineN)) {
         //     assert(op->getInputs().size() == 2);
         //     nnet::Tensor AN = op->getInputs()[0];
         //     nnet::Tensor BN = op->getInputs()[1];
@@ -393,10 +418,10 @@ infini::Graph NMutator::expressionToGraph(nnet::Expr expr, Graph in_graph) {
         //     const auto &[b, m, w, n, dilation] = op->getArgs();
         //     g->gbmml(inputsPET[0], inputsPET[1], outputsPET[0], dilation);
         // }
-    // }
+        else
-    // g->updateConnection();
+            IT_TODO_HALT();
-    // Graph graph = new Graph(g->getOperators());
+    }
-    // return graph;
+    return g;
 }
 
 double NMutator::memboundTime(ssize_t cnt) {

src/operators/matmul.cc

@@ -5,22 +5,24 @@ namespace infini {
 MatmulObj::MatmulObj(GraphObj *graph, Tensor A, Tensor B, Tensor C, bool transA,
                      bool transB, [[maybe_unused]] Tensor bias, ActType act)
     : OperatorObj(OpType::Matmul, {A, B}, {C}), transA(transA), transB(transB),
-      act(act), b(1) {
+      act(act) {
     auto shape_a = A->getDims();
     auto shape_b = B->getDims();
-    IT_ASSERT(shape_a.size() == shape_b.size());
+    int dimA = shape_a.size(), dimB = shape_b.size();
-    switch (shape_a.size()) {
+    IT_ASSERT(dimA >= 2 && dimB >= 2);
-    case 0:
+
-    case 1:
+    b = 1;
-        IT_ASSERT(false);
+    if (dimA <= 3 && dimB <= 3) {
-    case 2:
+        int b1 = dimA == 2 ? 1 : A->getDims()[0];
-        break;
+        int b2 = dimB == 2 ? 1 : B->getDims()[0];
-    default:
+
+        b = std::max(b1, b2);
+    } else {
+        IT_ASSERT_TODO(dimA == dimB);
         for (size_t i = 0; i < shape_a.size() - 2; ++i) {
-            IT_ASSERT(shape_a[i] == shape_b[i]);
+            IT_ASSERT_TODO(shape_a[i] == shape_b[i]);
             b *= shape_a[i];
         }
-        break;
     }
     m = *(transA ? shape_a.rbegin() : shape_a.rbegin() + 1);
     n = *(transB ? shape_b.rbegin() + 1 : shape_b.rbegin());
@@ -38,6 +40,11 @@ string MatmulObj::toString() const {
 }
 
 optional<vector<Shape>> MatmulObj::inferShape(const TensorVec &inputs) const {
+    auto A = inputs[0], B = inputs[1];
+    int dimA = A->getDims().size(), dimB = B->getDims().size();
+
+    if (dimA > 3 || dimB > 3) {
+        // no broadcast
         auto shape_a = inputs[0]->getDims();
         auto it = shape_a.rbegin();
         *it++ = n;
@@ -45,6 +52,34 @@ optional<vector<Shape>> MatmulObj::inferShape(const TensorVec &inputs) const {
         return {{std::move(shape_a)}};
     }
 
+    int b1 = dimA == 2 ? 1 : A->getDims()[0];
+    int b2 = dimB == 2 ? 1 : B->getDims()[0];
+
+    int b = std::max(b1, b2);
+    int m = transA ? A->getDims()[dimA - 1] : A->getDims()[dimA - 2];
+    int n = transB ? B->getDims()[dimB - 2] : B->getDims()[dimB - 1];
+    int kA = transA ? A->getDims()[dimA - 2] : A->getDims()[dimA - 1];
+    int kB = transB ? B->getDims()[dimB - 1] : B->getDims()[dimB - 2];
+
+    if ((dimA != 2 && dimA != 3) || (dimB != 2 && dimB != 3)) {
+        printf("Bad input dim: dimA = %d, dimB = %d\n", dimA, dimB);
+        return {};
+    }
+    if (b1 != 1 && b2 != 1 && b1 != b2) {
+        printf("Bad batch size b1 = %d, b2 = %d\n", b1, b2);
+        return {};
+    }
+    if (kA != kB) {
+        printf("Bad K: kA = %d, kB = %d\n", kA, kB);
+        return {};
+    }
+    if (dimA == 2 && dimB == 2) {
+        return {{{m, n}}};
+    } else {
+        return {{{b, m, n}}};
+    }
+}
+
 vector<int> MatmulObj::getWorkloadVector() const {
     return {enum_to_underlying(type), b, m, n, k, transA, transB,
             enum_to_underlying(act)};

src/operators/membound.cc

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "operators/membound.h"
+#include "nnet/Visitor/CheckOOBVisitor.h"
 #include "nnet/Visitor/HashVisitor.h"
+#include "nnet/Visitor/MergeMemboundMutator.h"
 
 namespace infini {
 
@@ -10,6 +12,19 @@ MemBoundObj::MemBoundObj(GraphObj *graph, const TensorVec &input,
     : OperatorObj(OpType::MemBound, input, output), nnetInputs(nnetInputs),
       expr(expr), exec_time(exec_time), hint(hint) {
     IT_ASSERT(checkValid(graph));
+    IT_ASSERT(!checkOOB(expr));
+    hash = calcHash(expr);
+
+    // fuse stages in nnet expr to reduce kernels generated by TVM
+    if (auto mergedExpr =
+            nnet::MergeMemboundMutator({expr}).merge(false, true)) {
+        simplifiedExpr = mergedExpr;
+        IT_ASSERT(!checkOOB(simplifiedExpr));
+        simplifiedHash = calcHash(simplifiedExpr);
+    } else {
+        simplifiedExpr = expr;
+        simplifiedHash = hash;
+    }
 }
 
 string MemBoundObj::toString() const {
@@ -31,8 +46,15 @@ string MemBoundObj::toString() const {
     os << "NNet Inputs=[";
     for (const auto &tensor : nnetInputs)
         os << tensor->toReadable() << ",";
-    os << "])";
+    os << "]";
-    os << "\n" << (expr ? expr->toReadable() : "Empty expression") << "\n";
+    os << ", ExprHash=" << hash;
+    os << ", SimplifiedExprHash=" << simplifiedHash;
+    os << ")\n";
+    os << ">>> Original expr\n"
+       << (expr ? expr->toReadable() : "Empty expression") << "\n";
+    os << ">>> Simplified expr\n"
+       << (simplifiedExpr ? simplifiedExpr->toReadable() : "Empty expression")
+       << "\n";
     return os.str();
 }
 
@@ -47,13 +69,18 @@ optional<vector<Shape>> MemBoundObj::inferShape(const TensorVec &inputs) const {
 }
 
 vector<int> MemBoundObj::getWorkloadVector() const {
-    return {enum_to_underlying(type), (int)getHash()};
+    return {enum_to_underlying(type), (int)simplifiedHash};
 }
 
 vector<int> MemBoundObj::getOpAttrVector() const { return getWorkloadVector(); }
 
-HashType MemBoundObj::getHash() const {
+HashType MemBoundObj::calcHash(nnet::Expr expr) {
     return nnet::HashVisitor().dispatch(expr);
 }
 
+bool MemBoundObj::checkOOB(nnet::Expr expr) {
+    return nnet::CheckOOBVisitor().checkRangeOp(
+        nnet::as<nnet::RangeOpNode>(expr));
+}
+
 } // namespace infini

test/core/test_hash.cc

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace infini {
 TEST(Hash, OperatorHash) {
     OpPerfKey key1(0, OpType::Unknown), key2(0, OpType::Unknown);
     { // build with addOpWithOutputs
-        Graph g = make_ref<GraphObj>(nullptr);
+        Graph g = make_ref<GraphObj>(NativeCpuRuntimeObj::getInstance());
         Tensor i0 = g->addTensor({1, 2, 3}, DataType::UInt32);
         Tensor w0 = g->addTensor({1, 3, 4}, DataType::UInt32);
         Tensor o0 = g->addTensor({1, 2, 4}, DataType::UInt32);
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ TEST(Hash, OperatorHash) {
         EXPECT_GT(key1.attrs.size(), (size_t)5);
     }
     { // build with addOp
-        Graph g = make_ref<GraphObj>(nullptr);
+        Graph g = make_ref<GraphObj>(NativeCpuRuntimeObj::getInstance());
         Tensor i0 = g->addTensor({2, 2, 3}, DataType::UInt32);
         Tensor w0 = g->addTensor({2, 3, 4}, DataType::UInt32);
         auto matmul = g->addOp<MatmulObj>(i0, w0, nullptr);

test/kernels/cuda/test_cuda_matmul.cc

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 #include "core/graph.h"
 #include "core/kernel.h"
 #include "core/runtime.h"
@@ -51,26 +50,38 @@ TEST(cuBLAS_Matmul, run) {
                    Shape{2, 3, 4}, Shape{2, 3, 2},
                    ExpectOutput{40, 52, 46, 61, 52, 70, 58, 79, 400, 448, 424,
                                 475, 448, 502, 472, 529});
+    testMatmulCuda(
+        IncrementalGenerator(), IncrementalGenerator(), false, false,
+        Shape{2, 3, 5}, Shape{5, 2},
+        ExpectOutput{60, 70, 160, 195, 260, 320, 360, 445, 460, 570, 560, 695});
+    testMatmulCuda(IncrementalGenerator(), IncrementalGenerator(), true, false,
+                   Shape{2, 5, 3}, Shape{5, 2},
+                   ExpectOutput{180, 210, 200, 235, 220, 260, 480, 585, 500,
+                                610, 520, 635});
+    testMatmulCuda(IncrementalGenerator(), IncrementalGenerator(), false, false,
+                   Shape{3, 5}, Shape{5, 2},
+                   ExpectOutput{60, 70, 160, 195, 260, 320});
 }
 
 TEST(cuBLAS_Matmul, tune) {
-    auto cpuRuntime = NativeCpuRuntimeObj::getInstance();
+    // Matmul([A^T,B,act=0],A=597,B=595,C=598,bmnk=[1,4,4096,448])
-    Graph gCpu = make_ref<GraphObj>(cpuRuntime);
+    const int B = 1, M = 4, N = 4096, K = 448;
-    auto ACpu = gCpu->addTensor(Shape{1, 3, 5}, DataType::Float32);
+    const bool transA = true, transB = false;
-    auto BCpu = gCpu->addTensor(Shape{1, 5, 2}, DataType::Float32);
-    gCpu->dataMalloc();
-    ACpu->setData(IncrementalGenerator());
-    BCpu->setData(IncrementalGenerator());
-
     auto cudaRuntime = make_ref<CudaRuntimeObj>();
-    auto gCuda = make_ref<GraphObj>(cudaRuntime);
+    Graph g = make_ref<GraphObj>(cudaRuntime);
-    auto ACuda = gCuda->cloneTensor(ACpu);
+    auto a = g->addTensor(transA ? Shape{B, K, M} : Shape{B, M, K});
-    auto BCuda = gCuda->cloneTensor(BCpu);
+    auto b = g->addTensor(transB ? Shape{B, N, K} : Shape{B, K, N});
-    auto matmul = gCuda->addOp<MatmulObj>(ACuda, BCuda, nullptr);
-
     // allocate CUDA memory
-    gCuda->dataMalloc();
+    g->dataMalloc();
-    cudaRuntime->run(gCuda, true);
+    a->setData(IncrementalGenerator());
+    b->setData(IncrementalGenerator());
+
+    auto matmul = g->addOp<MatmulObj>(a, b, nullptr, transA, transB);
+    matmul->print();
+    double time = cudaRuntime->getPerfTime(g);
+    EXPECT_GT(time, 1e-3);
+    EXPECT_LT(time, 1);
+    cudaRuntime->run(g, true);
 }
 
 }; // namespace infini

test/kernels/intelcpu/test_mkl_batch_norm.cc

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ TEST(MklBatchNorm, run) {
     // Build graph
     Graph g = make_ref<GraphObj>(runtime);
     auto i = g->addTensor(Shape{1, 3, 2, 2}, DataType::Float32);
-    auto mean = g->addTensor(Shape{1, 3, 1, 1}, DataType::Float32);
+    auto mean = g->addTensor(Shape{3}, DataType::Float32);
-    auto var = g->addTensor(Shape{1, 3, 1, 1}, DataType::Float32);
+    auto var = g->addTensor(Shape{3}, DataType::Float32);
-    auto scale = g->addTensor(Shape{1, 3, 1, 1}, DataType::Float32);
+    auto scale = g->addTensor(Shape{3}, DataType::Float32);
-    auto bias = g->addTensor(Shape{1, 3, 1, 1}, DataType::Float32);
+    auto bias = g->addTensor(Shape{3}, DataType::Float32);
     auto op =
         g->addOp<BatchNormObj>(i, nullptr, mean, var, scale, bias, 0.9, 0);
     g->dataMalloc();

test/nnet/test_memboundOp.cc

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 #include "nnet/routine.h"
 #include "nnet/test.h"
 #include "operators/matmul.h"
-#include <chrono>
+#include "operators/membound.h"
+#include "test.h"
 using namespace infini;
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -18,8 +19,8 @@ TEST(nnet, MemboundOpInterpretation) {
     Tensor w0 = g->addTensor({1, 3, 4}, DataType::UInt32);
     Tensor o0 = g->addTensor({1, 2, 4}, DataType::UInt32);
     g->dataMalloc();
-    i0->copyData(vector<uint32_t>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12});
+    i0->copyin(vector<uint32_t>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12});
-    w0->copyData(vector<uint32_t>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12});
+    w0->copyin(vector<uint32_t>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12});
     g->addOpWithOutputs<MatmulObj>(i0, w0, o0);
     NMutator nmutator(NMutator::Mode::ToNaiveMembound);
     auto mutations = nmutator.run(g);
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ TEST(nnet, MemboundOpInterpretation) {
     EXPECT_EQ(membound->getOpType(), OpType::MemBound);
     auto ans = make_ref<TensorObj>(Shape{1, 2, 4}, DataType::UInt32, runtime);
     ans->dataMalloc();
-    ans->copyData(vector<uint32_t>{38, 44, 50, 56, 83, 98, 113, 128});
+    ans->copyin(vector<uint32_t>{38, 44, 50, 56, 83, 98, 113, 128});
     EXPECT_TRUE(membound->getOutput()->equalData(ans));
 }
 
@@ -49,8 +50,8 @@ TEST(nnet, MemboundOp_Ansor_Codegen) {
     Tensor w0 = g->addTensor({1, 3, 4}, DataType::Float32);
     Tensor o0 = g->addTensor({1, 2, 4}, DataType::Float32);
     g->dataMalloc();
-    i0->copyData(vector<float>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12});
+    i0->copyin(vector<float>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12});
-    w0->copyData(vector<float>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12});
+    w0->copyin(vector<float>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12});
     g->addOpWithOutputs<MatmulObj>(i0, w0, o0);
     NMutator nmutator(NMutator::Mode::ToNaiveMembound);
     auto mutations = nmutator.run(g);
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ TEST(nnet, MemboundOp_Ansor_Codegen) {
     EXPECT_EQ(membound->getOpType(), OpType::MemBound);
     auto ans = make_ref<TensorObj>(Shape{1, 2, 4}, DataType::Float32, cpu);
     ans->dataMalloc();
-    ans->copyData(vector<float>{38, 44, 50, 56, 83, 98, 113, 128});
+    ans->copyin(vector<float>{38, 44, 50, 56, 83, 98, 113, 128});
 
     auto oCpu = gCpu->cloneTensor(membound->getOutput());
     oCpu->printData();
@@ -77,3 +78,41 @@ TEST(nnet, MemboundOp_Ansor_Codegen) {
     // double time = timeit([&]() { runtime->run(gNew, false); }); // tune
     // kernels std::cout << "Time (ms):" << time << std::endl;
 }
+
+pair<std::vector<nnet::Tensor>, nnet::Expr> getPReluExpr(int size) {
+    using namespace nnet;
+    using nnet::make_ref;
+    DEFINE_VAR(i);
+    auto A = make_ref<TensorNode>("A", vector{size});
+    auto B = make_ref<TensorNode>("B", vector{size});
+    Expr e = make_ref<FuncNode>(makeSubscript(A, {i}) - makeSubscript(B, {i}),
+                                FuncType::PRelu);
+    Expr ret = makeRangeOperator({{i, {0, size}}}, {}, e);
+    return {{A, B}, ret};
+}
+
+TEST(nnet, PRelu_Ansor_Codegen) {
+    auto cuda = make_ref<CudaRuntimeObj>();
+    Runtime cpu = NativeCpuRuntimeObj::getInstance();
+    Graph g = make_ref<GraphObj>(cuda);
+    Tensor i0 = g->addTensor(vector{12});
+    Tensor w0 = g->addTensor(vector{12});
+    Tensor o0 = g->addTensor(vector{12});
+    auto [nnetInputs, expr] = getPReluExpr(12);
+    g->addOpWithOutputs<MemBoundObj>(vector{i0, w0}, vector{o0}, nnetInputs,
+                                     expr, -1);
+    g->dataMalloc();
+    i0->setData(IncrementalGenerator());
+    w0->setData(ValGenerator<5>());
+    cuda->run(g, true); // tune kernels
+
+    // check answer
+    auto ans = make_ref<TensorObj>(Shape{12}, DataType::Float32, cpu);
+    ans->dataMalloc();
+    ans->copyin(
+        vector<float>{-1.25, -1., -0.75, -0.5, -0.25, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6});
+
+    Graph gCpu = make_ref<GraphObj>(cpu);
+    auto oCpu = gCpu->cloneTensor(o0);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(oCpu->equalData(ans));
+}

test/nnet/test_mergeStage.cc

@@ -4,19 +4,16 @@
 #include "nnet/Visitor/HashVisitor.h"
 #include "nnet/Visitor/MergeMemboundMutator.h"
 #include "nnet/expr.h"
+#include "nnet/test.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 using namespace nnet;
 using namespace std;
-#define DEFINE_VAR(name) auto name = make_ref<VarNode>(#name);
 
 TEST(FuseMembound, Relu) {
     const int n_heads = 8, seq_len = 10000, feat_len = 512;
     // dilation_heads = 2;
     const int Batch = n_heads, M = seq_len, K = feat_len, W = 32;
-    DEFINE_VAR(b);
+    DEFINE_VAR(b, m, w, k);
-    DEFINE_VAR(m);
-    DEFINE_VAR(w);
-    DEFINE_VAR(k);
     auto A = make_ref<TensorNode>("A", vector<int>({Batch, M, K}),
                                   vector<int>{0, 0, 0});
 
@@ -35,10 +32,7 @@ TEST(FuseMembound, MemMemFusion) {
     const int n_heads = 8, seq_len = 100, feat_len = 100;
     // dilation_heads = 2;
     const int Batch = n_heads, M = seq_len, K = feat_len;
-    DEFINE_VAR(b);
+    DEFINE_VAR(b, m, w, k);
-    DEFINE_VAR(m);
-    DEFINE_VAR(w);
-    DEFINE_VAR(k);
     auto A = make_ref<TensorNode>("A", vector<int>({Batch, M, K}),
                                   vector<int>{0, 0, 0});
     auto B = make_ref<TensorNode>("B", vector<int>({Batch, K, M}),
@@ -55,3 +49,25 @@ TEST(FuseMembound, MemMemFusion) {
                                     {{k, {0, K}}}, makeSubscript(A, {b, m, k}));
     EXPECT_EQ(HashVisitor().getHash(merged), HashVisitor().getHash(ans));
 }
+
+TEST(FuseMembound, mergeNestedStagesInRangeOp) {
+    // Case in ConvTranspose to Matmul
+    // L<f:0:448><i39:0:4096>Sum  ...  [i39,f]
+    //   {L<i39:0:4096><f:0:448>Sum  ...  [f,(i39 / 1024),((i39 / 256) % 4),(i39
+    //   % 256)] {K}}
+    DEFINE_VAR(f, i);
+    const int I = 4096, F = 448;
+    auto K = make_ref<TensorNode>("K", vector<int>({448, 4, 4, 256}));
+
+    auto subA = makeSubscript(K, {f, i / 1024, (i / 256) % 4, i % 256});
+    auto range = makeRangeOperator({{i, {0, I}}, {f, {0, F}}}, {}, subA);
+    auto outerRange = makeRangeOperator({{f, {0, F}}, {i, {0, I}}}, {},
+                                        makeSubscript(range, {i, f}));
+    auto merged = MergeMemboundMutator({outerRange}).merge();
+
+    // Compare the result with answer
+    RangeOp ans = makeRangeOperator(
+        {{f, {0, F}}, {i, {0, I}}}, {},
+        makeSubscript(K, {f, i / 1024, (i / 256) % 4, i % 256}));
+    EXPECT_EQ(HashVisitor().getHash(merged), HashVisitor().getHash(ans));
+}

test/nnet/test_mutator.cc

@@ -56,45 +56,72 @@ TEST(Mutator, NaiveConvWithInterpreter) {
 
 // FIXME: failed since implicit transpose for DLT
 TEST(Mutator, InfoGAN_TConv_3_correctness) {
-    // verifyNaiveMembound True: subgraph after transformation
+    const bool useMutatorDirectly = true;
-    // verifyNaiveMembound False: subgraph of one single membound (eOP)
-    // const bool verifyNaiveMembound = false;
     Runtime runtime = make_ref<CudaRuntimeObj>();
     Graph g = make_ref<GraphObj>(runtime);
     Runtime cpu = NativeCpuRuntimeObj::getInstance(); // CPUruntime is singleton
     Graph gCpu = make_ref<GraphObj>(cpu);
 
-    // {n, h, w, f} * {f, r, s, c}
+    const int n = 1, c = 256, h = 2, w = 2, f = 448, r = 4, s = 4;
-    auto i0 = g->addTensor({1, 2, 2, 448});
+    // // Minimum config for test
-    auto w0 = g->addTensor({448, 4, 4, 256});
+    // const int n = 1, c = 1, h = 2, w = 2, f = 1, r = 4, s = 4;
+    // const int n = 1, c = 2, h = 2, w = 2, f = 2, r = 4, s = 4;
+
+    auto i0 = g->addTensor({n, h, w, f});
+    auto w0 = g->addTensor({f, r, s, c});
     g->addOp<ConvTransposed2dNHWCObj>(i0, w0, nullptr, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1);
 
-    auto mutator = make_ref<NMutator>();
+    auto mutator =
-    mutator->setToNaiveMembound();
+        make_ref<NMutator>(NMutator::Mode::RuleBased,
-    SearchEngine searchEngine(runtime, mutator);
+                           vector<int>{3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 8, 8, 6, 91, 90});
-    auto bestGraph = searchEngine.run(g);
+    // // Translate OP to membound without derivation
-    bestGraph->print();
+    // mutator->setToNaiveMembound();
-    printf("--- SearchEngine Finished ---\n");
 
+    vector<Graph> bestGraphs;
+    if (useMutatorDirectly) { // Use mutator results
+        bestGraphs = mutator->run(g);
+    } else { // Use search engine results
+        SearchEngine searchEngine(runtime, mutator);
+        bestGraphs.emplace_back(searchEngine.run(g));
+    }
     g->dataMalloc();
+    map<UidBaseType, Tensor> fuidToInputTensor;
+    for (auto t : g->getInputs()) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(fuidToInputTensor.count(t->getFuid()), 0);
+        fuidToInputTensor[t->getFuid()] = t;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < bestGraphs.size(); i++) {
+        auto bestGraphCpu = bestGraphs[i];
+        auto bestGraph =
+            make_ref<GraphObj>(runtime, bestGraphCpu->getOperators());
+
+        auto gen = RandomGenerator(0, 1, i);
         bestGraph->dataMalloc();
-    for (auto t : g->getTensors()) {
+        // Initialize inputs with random data
-        if (t->getFuid() <= 2)
+        for (auto t : g->getInputs()) {
-            t->setData(IncrementalGenerator());
+            t->setData(gen);
         }
-    for (auto t : bestGraph->getTensors()) {
+        for (auto t : bestGraph->getInputs()) {
-        if (t->getFuid() <= 2)
+            t->copyData(fuidToInputTensor[t->getFuid()]);
-            t->setData(IncrementalGenerator());
         }
+
+        // Initialize outputs with zeros
+        for (auto t : g->getOutputs()) {
+            t->setData(ZeroGenerator());
+        }
+        for (auto t : bestGraph->getOutputs()) {
+            t->setData(ZeroGenerator());
+        }
+
+        runtime->run(bestGraph, true); // Tune kernels
         runtime->run(g);
-    runtime->run(bestGraph);
+        runtime->run(bestGraph, false); // Execute transfomraed graph
 
         auto go0 = gCpu->cloneTensor(g->getOutputs()[0]);
         auto bgo0 = gCpu->cloneTensor(bestGraph->getOutputs()[0]);
-
+        EXPECT_TRUE(go0->equalData(bgo0, 1e-4));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(go0->equalData(bgo0));
+    }
-    EXPECT_TRUE(g->getOutputs()[0]->getRawDataPtr<void *>() !=
-                bestGraph->getOutputs()[0]->getRawDataPtr<void *>());
 }
 
 // TEST(Mutator, Conv9x9) {

test/script/env_lotus.sh

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ then
 elif [ "$1" == "intelcpu" ]
 then
     echo "Load INTELCPU environment."
-    spack load intel-oneapi-dnn@2022.1.0 intel-oneapi-mkl@2022.1.0 intel-oneapi-compilers@2022.1.0
+    spack load gcc@12.1.0 intel-oneapi-dnn@2022.1.0 intel-oneapi-mkl@2022.1.0 intel-oneapi-compilers@2022.1.0
     # The default dnnl library is cpu_dpcpp_gpu_dpcpp which requires libsycl.so, after "spack load", and need to change to gomp explicitly.
     export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/spack/spack/opt/spack/linux-ubuntu22.04-broadwell/gcc-12.1.0/intel-oneapi-dnn-2022.1.0-7rs6ht57zozyxhxx6s2qlrqzmqknhgzx/dnnl/2022.1.0/cpu_gomp/lib/:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ then
     #  Preloading the missing libs will work, refered to https://community.intel.com/t5/Intel-oneAPI-Math-Kernel-Library/mkl-fails-to-load/m-p/1155538
 
     export MKLLIB_PATH=/home/spack/spack/opt/spack/linux-ubuntu22.04-broadwell/gcc-12.1.0/intel-oneapi-mkl-2022.1.0-mf6te62fo6wxlo33jwwwgg5kljoagc6g/mkl/2022.1.0/
-    export LD_PRELOAD=$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_def.so.2:$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_avx2.so.2:$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_core.so:$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_intel_lp64.so:$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_intel_thread.so:/home/spack/spack/opt/spack/linux-ubuntu22.04-broadwell/gcc-11.3.0/intel-oneapi-compilers-2022.1.0-qrq4a63scjip455bpxvl5ipgqbllwecj/compiler/2022.1.0/linux/compiler/lib/intel64_lin/libiomp5.so
+    export LD_PRELOAD=$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_def.so.2:$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_avx2.so.2:$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_core.so:$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_intel_lp64.so:$MKLLIB_PATH/lib/intel64/libmkl_intel_thread.so:/home/spack/spack/opt/spack/linux-ubuntu22.04-broadwell/gcc-12.1.0/intel-oneapi-compilers-2022.1.0-6k6zm3h4qcsni27nihc4b6wuqgtxqxqa/compiler/2022.1.0/linux/compiler/lib/intel64_lin/libiomp5.so
 else
     echo "Bad option. Please enter 'cuda' or 'intelcpu'. CUDA will be loaded by default if nothing specified."
 fi